Table 2.
Unadjusted phytoestrogen biomarker concentrations by sociodemographic and lifestyle variables for adults ≥20 y, NHANES 2003–20061,2
| Variable | Genistein | Daidzein | Equol | DMA3 | Enterodiol | Enterolactone |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic | ||||||
| Age, y | ||||||
| 20–39 | 28.9 (25.3–33.0) | 62.2 (53.5–72.3) | 8.62 (7.55–9.84) | 4.25 (3.57–5.07) | 39.2 (34.6–44.5) | 278 (239–323) |
| 40–59 | 28.7 (25.4–32.5) | 62.9 (56.0–70.6) | 6.88 (6.00–7.88) | 4.57 (3.92–5.33) | 38.8 (32.3–46.6) | 285 (244–334) |
| ≥60 | 29.7 (26.2–33.6) | 61.0 (52.7–70.6) | 6.97 (6.02–8.07) | 4.39 (3.64–5.30) | 38.9 (34.4–44.0) | 337 (296–385) |
| P-value4 | 0.93 | 0.94 | 0.0118 | 0.82 | 0.99 | 0.16 |
| r2 (%)5 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 |
| Sex | ||||||
| Males | 31.9 (29.1–35.1) | 68.1 (61.1–76.0) | 7.88 (7.15–8.68) | 4.26 (3.67–4.96) | 40.5 (35.4–46.4) | 302 (266–343) |
| Females | 26.4 (23.6–29.6) | 57.0 (51.2–63.4) | 7.19 (6.40–8.07) | 4.55 (3.99–5.19) | 37.6 (33.5–42.1) | 285 (247–329) |
| P-value4 | 0.0152 | 0.0147 | 0.15 | 0.49 | 0.38 | 0.56 |
| r2 (%)5 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 |
| Race-ethnicity | ||||||
| Mexican-American | 27.9 (25.2–31.0) | 52.0 (47.0–57.5) | 5.19 (4.64–5.81) | 1.98 (1.62–2.41) | 38.4 (32.0–46.0) | 327 (277–386) |
| Non-Hispanic black | 29.1 (23.7–35.8) | 69.0 (56.9–83.8) | 6.20 (5.44–7.07) | 4.71 (3.67–6.05) | 37.7 (33.1–42.9) | 285 (246–329) |
| Non-Hispanic white | 28.3 (25.9–31.0) | 60.3 (54.5–66.6) | 8.12 (7.34–8.99) | 4.71 (4.20–5.28) | 38.9 (34.7–43.6) | 291 (259–327) |
| P-value4 | 0.29 | 0.0129 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.16 | 0.69 |
| r2 (%)5 | <1 | <1 | <1 | 1 | <1 | <1 |
| Education | ||||||
| <High school | 32.5 (27.7–38.1) | 62.3 (50.9–76.4) | 6.66 (5.72–7.74) | 3.29 (2.46–4.39) | 34.9 (30.1–40.3) | 283 (236–340) |
| High school | 26.6 (23.0–30.7) | 58.4 (49.9–68.3) | 7.15 (6.03–8.47) | 4.01 (3.32–4.84) | 32.1 (27.3–37.6) | 256 (210–312) |
| >High school | 29.1 (26.0–32.5) | 63.8 (56.6–72.0) | 7.98 (7.13–8.92) | 5.04 (4.37–5.81) | 43.9 (38.7–49.7) | 315 (280–354) |
| P-value4 | 0.26 | 0.69 | 0.16 | 0.0302 | 0.0096 | 0.22 |
| r2 (%)5 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 |
| PIR6 | ||||||
| Low | 30.7 (27.8–33.9) | 62.3 (55.3–70.2) | 6.60 (5.93–7.34) | 3.74 (3.00–4.66) | 31.9 (27.4–37.1) | 258 (218–304) |
| Medium | 28.8 (24.3–34.2) | 61.1 (51.6–72.4) | 7.70 (6.57–9.03) | 4.07 (3.37–4.91) | 41.5 (37.1–46.6) | 291 (249–341) |
| High | 28.3 (24.8–32.3) | 63.0 (53.8–73.9) | 8.18 (7.20–9.31) | 5.19 (4.39–6.13) | 43.7 (36.5–52.4) | 327 (289–369) |
| P-value4 | 0.67 | 0.96 | 0.0098 | 0.0465 | 0.0038 | 0.0183 |
| r2 (%)5 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 |
| Lifestyle | ||||||
| Smoking7 | ||||||
| No | 29.6 (26.9–32.5) | 64.5 (58.7–70.9) | 7.78 (7.00–8.65) | 5.02 (4.43–5.69) | 40.6 (36.5–45.2) | 337 (308–370) |
| Yes | 27.4 (24.3–30.9) | 56.3 (47.3–67.0) | 7.03 (6.28–7.87) | 3.30 (2.64–4.13) | 36.1 (32.0–40.8) | 221 (182–268) |
| P-value4 | 0.31 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.0031 | 0.11 | 0.0002 |
| r2 (%)5 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | 1 |
| Alcohol consumption8 | ||||||
| No drinks | 29.6 (26.4–33.2) | 67.5 (59.7–76.4) | 7.18 (6.36–8.10) | 5.15 (4.30–6.15) | 34.8 (28.7–42.3) | 273 (233–320) |
| >0–<1 drinks/d | 29.1 (25.4–33.3) | 61.9 (53.9–71.1) | 8.20 (7.38–9.12) | 4.67 (4.01–5.44) | 40.5 (35.3–46.5) | 318 (281–360) |
| ≥1–<2 drinks/d | 25.7 (18.2–36.2) | 52.5 (36.9–74.7) | 6.68 (4.94–9.04) | 3.45 (2.24–5.32) | 43.5 (31.4–60.3) | 284 (193–418) |
| ≥2 drinks/d | 25.6 (18.0–36.4) | 51.1 (37.0–70.4) | 4.75 (3.49–6.45) | 2.17 (1.50–3.15) | 39.6 (29.9–52.6) | 213 (138–329) |
| P-value4 | 0.82 | 0.26 | 0.0031 | <0.0001 | 0.43 | 0.22 |
| r2 (%)5 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 |
| BMI9 | ||||||
| Underweight | 21.6 (11.2–41.7) | 28.5 (15.6–52.0) | 6.55 (3.01–14.3) | 1.59 (.780–3.25) | 32.7 (17.5–61.3) | 284 (139–581) |
| Normal weight | 29.3 (24.0–35.7) | 60.5 (49.2–74.4) | 7.33 (6.22–8.64) | 4.52 (3.75–5.45) | 40.1 (33.6–47.9) | 342 (288–407) |
| Overweight | 28.4 (25.1–32.2) | 62.3 (55.6–69.6) | 7.16 (6.37–8.04) | 4.19 (3.51–5.00) | 38.2 (33.0–44.2) | 298 (261–340) |
| Obese | 29.4 (27.2–31.8) | 65.6 (59.4–72.4) | 8.07 (7.32–8.90) | 4.73 (4.01–5.57) | 39.8 (35.0–45.1) | 253 (221–290) |
| P-value4 | 0.73 | 0.0249 | 0.53 | 0.0021 | 0.86 | 0.0484 |
| r2 (%)5 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 |
| Physical activity10 | ||||||
| None | 29.5 (26.5–32.7) | 63.3 (55.4–72.3) | 6.59 (5.61–7.75) | 3.72 (3.06–4.51) | 34.8 (28.9–41.9) | 254 (217–298) |
| >0–<500 | 25.5 (21.5–30.3) | 57.2 (47.6–68.9) | 7.39 (6.26–8.72) | 4.62 (3.76–5.68) | 35.3 (30.3–41.1) | 250 (212–295) |
| ≥500–<1000 | 30.1 (24.0–37.8) | 60.6 (48.8–75.4) | 8.01 (6.75–9.52) | 4.68 (3.50–6.26) | 45.9 (36.8–57.2) | 349 (278–439) |
| ≥1000 | 30.6 (25.2–37.2) | 64.6 (53.5–78.0) | 8.65 (7.57–9.89) | 4.82 (3.89–5.98) | 43.7 (37.1–51.6) | 354 (315–398) |
| P-value4 | 0.34 | 0.74 | 0.06 | 0.14 | 0.07 | 0.0006 |
| r2 (%)5 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 |
| Supplement use11 | ||||||
| Yes | 28.8 (26.1–31.8) | 60.8 (55.4–66.6) | 7.84 (6.90–8.92) | 4.88 (4.26–5.58) | 40.6 (36.3–45.4) | 316 (282–353) |
| No | 29.2 (26.3–32.5) | 63.7 (55.8–72.8) | 7.17 (6.43–8.00) | 3.94 (3.26–4.76) | 37.3 (32.7–42.5) | 271 (235–312) |
| P-value4 | 0.84 | 0.53 | 0.27 | 0.09 | 0.28 | 0.07 |
| r2 (%)5 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 |
Excludes individuals who reported antibiotic use in the past 30 d. Sample sizes for urine phytoestrogens by variable are given in Supplemental Table 1.
Biomarker concentrations expressed as geometric means with 95% CI in parentheses. SI (nmol/L) conversion factors are as follows: genistein, × 3.70; daidzein, × 3.93; equol, × 4.13; O-desmethylangolensin, 3.87; enterodiol, × 3.31; enterolactone, ×3.35.
DMA: O-desmethylangolensin.
Based on Wald F test, which tests for significant differences in at least 1 of the means across a given variable.
r2 from Model 1 (simple linear regression) using categories as shown.
PIR: family poverty income ratio. Low: ≤1.85; Medium: >1.85–≤3.5; High: >3.5.
Based on serum cotinine concentration. Smoker: >10 μg/L. Non-smoker: ≤10 μg/L.
Categories by increasing alcohol consumption calculated as average daily number of “standard” drinks, i.e. (quantity×frequency)/365.25; 1 drink ≈ 15 g ethanol.
BMI: body mass index (kg/m2). Underweight: <18.5. Normal weight: ≥18.5–<25.0. Overweight: ≥25.0–<30.0. Obese: ≥30.0.
Categories by increasing degree of leisure time physical activity based on metabolic equivalent task (MET)-min/wk.
Based on reported use of any dietary supplement in the past 30 d.