Table 3.

Estimated change in phytoestrogen biomarker concentration with change in covariable after adjusting for sociodemographic and lifestyle variables through chunk-wise modeling using data for adults ≥20 y, NHANES 2003–2006^1,2,3

Variable	Genistein	Daidzein	Equol	DMA	Enterodiol	Enterolactone
Sociodemographic
Age, every 10 y increase
Model 1	2.1	1.3	−4.6*	2.5	−0.1	4.4
Model 2	3.0	2.7	−5.9*	2.0	2.2	6.7*
Model 3	3.4	2.9	−5.6*	1.0	3.3	7.8*
Model 4	9.7*	9.1*	−0.2	6.3	9.2*	12.6*
Sex: female vs. male
Model 1	−17.2*	−16.4*	−8.8	6.7	−7.3	−5.6
Model 2	−20.8*	−20.4*	−8.3	3.6	−7.6	−3.7
Model 3	−18.8*	−19.7*	−14.7	−4.1	−1.7	−11.5
Model 4	15.6	13.6	18.6*	29.3*	37.1*	14.2
Race-ethnicity4, NHB vs. NHW
Model 1	3.0	14.5	−23.6*	0.00	−3.1	−2.3
Model 2	3.5	17.2	−24.2*	10.4	4.4	7.9
Model 3	−1.8	7.7	−24.3*	5.0	1.3	5.6
Model 4	−24.1*	−16.4*	−40.3*	−15.6	−20.5*	−12.3
Race-ethnicity4, MA vs. NHW
Model 1	−1.3	−13.8*	−36.1*	−58.0*	−1.4	12.2
Model 2	−5.1	−13.0*	−35.8*	−51.1*	15.7	37.7*
Model 3	−2.7	−15.0	−35.8*	−55.3*	14.9	30.1
Model 4	−3.1	−15.3	−36.1*	−55.3*	14.5	29.7
PIR5, every 2 unit decrease
Model 1	1.3	−3.5	−10.7*	−20.5*	−17.1*	−13.9*
Model 2	3.2	−1.3	−5.4	−13.3	−13.1*	−13.3*
Model 3	−0.7	−3.5	−5.5	−14.3	−15.5*	−13.4*
Model 4	−3.7	−6.4	−8.1	−16.4*	−17.9*	−15.3*
Education, ≤HS vs. >HS
Model 1	−0.8	−6.1	−13.0	−26.7*	−24.3*	−15.3
Model 2	−1.7	−3.8	−4.1	−16.0	−20.5*	−14.3
Model 3	−4.2	−6.2	0.5	−7.0	−14.5	−6.6
Model 4	−6.8	−8.6	−1.9	−9.5	−16.7	−8.4
Lifestyle
Smoking6, yes vs. no
Model 1	−7.3	−12.8	−9.7	−34.3*	−11.0	−34.5*
Model 3	−5.1	−10.0	−8.1	−28.4*	−8.0	−31.6*
Model 4	−7.8	−12.5	−10.4	−30.0*	−10.5	−33.0*
Alcohol, 1 vs. 0 drink/d7
Model 1	−8.1	−12.9*	−17.9*	−29.9*	9.9	−10.0
Model 3	−6.2	−10.3	−20.8*	−24.0*	10.6	−7.0
Model 4	−2.1	−6.4	−17.5*	−21.2*	15.2*	−4.0
BMI8, 25% increase
Model 1	0.0	6.8	3.6	5.2	−1.1	−12.7*
Model 3	−0.7	4.9	2.9	2.8	−2.4	−16.4*
Model 4	−8.3	−3.0	−4.5	−4.0	−9.4*	−21.1*
Physical activity9, 750 vs. 150 MET-min/wk
Model 1	0.1	−0.1	5.5*	5.6*	4.9	7.3*
Model 3	0.5	−0.8	2.8	−0.1	2.6	5.0*
Model 4	1.3	−0.00	3.6	0.5	3.4	5.6*
Supplement use10, yes vs. no
Model 1	−1.5	−4.7	9.3	23.8	8.8	16.7
Model 3	−0.4	−5.7	9.1	9.1	−0.8	−2.5
Model 4	7.9	2.0	17.6	16.6	6.9	3.3

¹Excludes individuals who reported antibiotic use in the past 30 d. Sample sizes for urine phytoestrogens by variable are given in Supplemental Table 1.

²Percent change (%).

³Model 1: simple linear regression. Model 2: multiple linear regression adjusting for sociodemographic variables. Model 3: multiple linear regression adjusting for sociodemographic and lifestyle variables. Model 4: multiple linear regression adjusting for sociodemographic and lifestyle variables, and urine creatinine. Change in covariate was carried out while holding any other variables in the model constant.

⁴MA: Mexican Americans. NHB: non-Hispanic blacks. NHW: non-Hispanic whites.

⁵PIR: family poverty income ratio.

⁶Based on serum cotinine concentration. Yes (smoker): >10 μg/L. No (nonsmoker): ≤10 μg/L.

⁷Calculated as average daily number of “standard” drinks, i.e. (quantity×frequency)/365.25; 1 drink ≈ 15 g ethanol.

⁸BMI: body mass index (kg/m²).

⁹Calculated as total metabolic equivalent task (MET)-min/wk based on self-reported leisure time physical activity.

¹⁰Based on reported use of any dietary supplement in the past 30 d.

^*Change is significantly different from zero. P <0.05.