Table 4.

A list of potentially invasive Araceae species constructed from model-based statistical inferences (i.e. UPGMA phenograms). These species are placed into groupings that are based on evolutionary relatedness (i.e. monophyletic groups) and similar ecological traits. Phenograms are illustrated in Supporting Information—Fig. S3.

Monophyletic group	No. of species evaluated	No. of potentially high-risk species	Potentially invasive species list [see Supporting Information—Fig. S3]	Comments
Alocasia	77	5	Alocasia longiloba, Alocasia odora, Alocasia acuminata, Alocasia brisbanensis, Alocasia hypnosa	High likelihood for the listed non-introduced and introduced species to become invasive
Amydrium, Anadendrum, Epipremnum, Monstera, Rhaphidophora, Scindapsus	82	38	Monstera adansonii var. adansonii, Monstera deliciosa, Anadendrum microstachyum, Anadendrum latifolium	Most species in this group are not yet introduced; however, since this group already contains two invasive species, all species that are not listed requires further evaluation
Ariopsis, Colocasia, Remusatia, Steudnera	20	11	Remusatia hookeriana, Remusatia pumila, Colocasia affinis	One cluster contains the invasive Colocasia esculenta; therefore, species in this group requires more attention
Arophyton, Carlephyton, Colletogyne, Peltandra, Typhonodorum	2	1	Peltandra sagittifolia	Peltandra virginica is invasive and sister species. Peltandra sagittifolia has been introduced outside its native range
Arum, Biarum, Dracunculus, Eminium, Helicodiceros, Sauromatum, Theriophonum, Typhonium	55	23	Arum maculatum, Dracunculus vulgaris, Typhonium blumei, Typhonium roxburghii, Sauromatum venosum, Sauromatum horsfieldii, Typhonium trilobatum	Many species require further evaluation. Risk assessments must be conducted prior to species introduction
Caladium, Chlorospatha, Filarum, Hapaline, Jasarum, Scaphispatha, Syngonium, Ulearum, Xanthosoma, Zomicarpa and Zomicarpella	169	∼107	See clusters marked with asterisks in Supporting Information—Fig. S3F	Large group with five naturalized, but not invasive, species and three invasive species scattered in the phenogram. All groups containing high-risk species need to be evaluated further
Cryptocoryne, Lagenandra	86	65	All species that clusters with invasive species	Phenogram shows very little structure (i.e. many species nested within groups) because fewer informative traits were used. Nevertheless, a single cluster contains the naturalized and invasive species. Therefore, all species within this group pose an invasion risk
Gymnostachys, Lysichiton, Orontium, Symplocarpus	8	6	Lysichiton camtschatcensis, Symplocarpus egorovii, Symplocarpus foetidus, Symplocarpus nabekuraensis, Symplocarpus nipponicus, Symplocarpus renifolius	High likelihood for non-introduced and introduced species to become invasive
Lemna, Spirodela, Wolffia and Wolffiella	31	8	Lemna aequinoctialis, Lemna minor, Lemna perpusilla, Spirodela oligorrhiza, Wolffia arrhiza, Wolffia brasiliensis, Wolffiella lingulata, Wolffiella welwitschii	Many invasive species in this group. The listed non-invasive species have a high invasion risk because they cluster with the invasive species