Table 1.
Summary of the selected studies in the present meta-analysis
| Studies | Participants, n | Age of patients (years), mean ± SD | Gender (male/female, n) | Medication (%) | Contrast | fMRI/PET analyses | Type (chronic/FES) | Coordinate space | Cognitive training task | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CRT patients | Control group | ||||||||||
| Non-CRT patients | Healthy control | ||||||||||
| Wykes et al., 2002[15] | 3 | 6 | 6 | 35 | 18/0 | 100 | b | Whole brain | Chronic | Talairach | Working memory |
| Bor et al., 2011[25] | 8 | 9 | 15 | 30.5 ± 8.3 | 22/10 | 100 | b | Whole brain | Chronic | MNI | Spatial working memory |
| Vianin et al., 2014[33] | 8 | 8 | 0 | 27.6 ± 8.2 | 13/3 | 87.5 | ab | Whole brain | Chronic | MNI | Executive function |
| Hooker et al., 2013[26] | 11 | 11 | 0 | 51.2 ± 5.8 | 18/4 | 100 | bc | Whole brain | Chronic | MNI | Social cognition |
| Hooker et al., 2012[27] | 11 | 11 | 0 | 51.2 ± 5.8 | 18/4 | 100 | bc | Whole brain | Chronic | MNI | Social cognition |
| Habel et al., 2010[32] | 10 | 10 | 10 | 31.4 ± 7.8 | 30/0 | 100 | b | Whole brain | Chronic | MNI | Affect recognition |
| Edwards et al., 2010[31] | 22 | 0 | 14 | 34.8 ± 9.7 | 29/7 | 100 | b | ROI | Chronic | Talairach | Cognitive control |
| Haut et al., 2010[24] | 9 | 9 | 9 | 36.4 ± 9.2 | 20/7 | 100 | b | ROI | Chronic | Talairach | Attention and working memory |
| Koch et al., 2007[28] | 13 | 0 | 13 | 26.2 ± 5.4 | 16/10 | 92.3 | c | ROI | Chronic | Talairach | Working memory |
a: CRT patients increased activation from pre- to post-training; b: Compared to non-CRT patients, CRT patients increased brain activation from pre- to post-training; c: Compared to non-CRT patients CRT patients decreased brain activation from pre- to post-training. The selected 2 studies of Hooker et al. used the same participant; we collapsed the data from the two studies into one experiment entry in Ginger ALE. In the study of Wykes, among the 6 participants only 3 participants received benefit from the CRT, so we used 3 as the subject number for the analyses. In the study of Haut et al., 10 participants in each patient group only 9 imaged. CRT: Cognitive remediation therapy; fMRI: Functional magnetic resonance imaging; PET: Photon emission tomography; FES: First-episode schizophrenia; ROI: Region of interest; SD: Standard deviation; MNI: Montreal Neurological Institute.