Table 3.

Subgroup Analysis of Inhaled Corticosteroids and 1-Year Mortality, Pneumonia, and Fracture

	No. of Studies	No. of Participants		RR (95% CI)	I2, %
		Treatment	Control
		1-y Mortality
Overall	5	4636	4597	0.86 (0.68–1.09)	0
Dose, mga
<800	2	462	456	0.57 (0.28–1.20)	30
800–1000	2	455	461	0.80 (0.37–1.74)	0
>1000	3	3719	3680	0.91 (0.71–1.19)	0
Duration, y
≤2	4	1569	1552	0.73 (0.47–1.12)	0
>2	1	3067	3045	0.92 (0.70–1.22)	44
Baseline FEV1 (% predicted)
<40	3	1062	1065	0.72 (0.45–1.16)	0
40–50	2	3574	3532	0.91 (0.70–1.19)	0
>50	0	0	0
Modality
Monotherapy	3	1989	1985	0.78 (0.56–1.10)	0
Combination	5	2647	2612	0.94 (0.68–1.29)	0
		Pneumonia
Overall	7	5405	5371	1.34 (1.03–1.75)	72
Dose, mga
<800	1	254	255	1.15 (0.42–3.12)	0
800–1000	2	402	401	1.03 (0.30–3.47)	55
>1000	5	4749	4715	1.46 (1.10–1.92)	78
Duration, y
≤2	4	1821	1811	2.12 (1.47–3.05)	0
>2	3	3584	3560	1.14 (0.84–1.54)	85
Baseline FEV1 (% predicted)
<40	3	1314	1324	1.90 (1.26–2.85)	0
40–50	3	3946	3902	1.36 (1.00–1.86)	84
>50	1	145	145	0.67 (0.37–1.20)	0
Modality
Monotherapy	4	2308	2295	1.06 (0.67–1.67)	83
Combination	5	3097	3076	1.57 (1.35–1.82)	24
		Fracture
Overall	3	4073	4058	1.09 (0.89–1.33)	29
Dose, mga
<800	0	0	0
800–1000	1	634	643	1.69 (0.41–7.04)	48
>1000	2	3439	3415	1.08 (0.88–1.32)	29
Duration, y
≤2	0	0	0
>2	3	4073	4058	1.09 (0.89–1.33)	29
Baseline FEV1 (% predicted)
<40	0	0	0
40–50	2	3439	3415	1.08 (0.88–1.31)	48
>50	1	634	643	1.69 (0.41–7.04)	29
Modality
Monotherapy	3	2540	2537	0.98 (0.75–1.29)	36
Combination	1	1533	1521	1.22 (0.91–1.63)	0

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; FEV₁, forced expiratory volume in first second of expiration; RR, relative risk.

^aICS dose in each study converted to beclomethasone equivalents.²⁹