Table 1.
Household and demographic characteristics and food insecurity with hunger at baseline
| Ta | Total | Food insecurity with hunger |
Total | Food insecurity with hunger |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | N (% by category) | P values* | N (%) | N (% by category) | P values* | ||
| Region | Child’s country of birth | ||||||
| Attica | 9941 (73.9) | 2693 (27.1) | <0.001 | Greece | 12169 (93.1) | 3160 (26.0) | <0.001 |
| Thessaloniki | 1887 (14.0) | 415 (22.0) | Other | 896 (6.9) | 310 (34.6) | ||
| Rest of Greece | 1629 (12.1) | 511 (31.4) | Child’s gender | ||||
| School type | Male | 6723 (50.8) | 1839 (27.4) | 0.075 | |||
| High | 491 (3.6) | 140 (28.5) | <0.001 | Female | 6519 (49.2) | 1694 (26.0) | |
| Middle | 3722 (27.7) | 1091 (29.3) | Type of household | ||||
| Elementary | 8699 (64.6) | 2253 (25.9) | Living with married parents | 11066 (85.3) | 2559 (23.1) | <0.001 | |
| Kindergarten | 545 (4.0) | 135 (24.8) | Living with unmarried parents | 268 (2.1) | 132 (49.3) | ||
| No. of children in the household | Living only with mother | 1345 (10.4) | 582 (43.3) | ||||
| 1 | 1661 (12.6) | 371 (22.3) | <0.001 | Living only with father | 135 (1.0) | 51 (37.8) | |
| 2 | 7034 (53.4) | 1539 (21.9) | Living with another family | 158 (1.2) | 69 (43.7) | ||
| 3 | 2872 (21.8) | 873 (30.4) | |||||
| 4 | 1080 (8.2) | 439 (40.6) | |||||
| ≥5 | 533 (4.0) | 267 (50.1) | |||||
| Paternal country of birth | Maternal country of birth | ||||||
| Greece | 7923 (66.3) | 1858 (23.5) | <0.001 | Greece | 7572 (63.0) | 1813 (23.9) | <0.001 |
| Other | 4033 (33.7) | 1177 (29.2) | Other | 4456 (37.0) | 1314 (29.5) | ||
| Paternal education | Maternal education | ||||||
| Not completed elementary | 201 (1.6) | 147 (73.1) | <0.001 | Not completed elementary | 286 (2.3) | 180 (62.9) | <0.001 |
| Elementary | 1740 (14.2) | 796 (45.7) | Elementary | 1258 (10.0) | 666 (52.9) | ||
| Middle school | 2641 (21.5) | 748 (28.3) | Middle school | 2397 (19.0) | 784 (32.7) | ||
| High school | 4635 (37.7) | 975 (21.0) | High school | 4913 (39.0) | 1080 (22.0) | ||
| Tertiary education | 3067 (25.0) | 492 (16.0) | Tertiary education | 3745 (29.7) | 602 (16.1) | ||
| Paternal employment | Maternal employment | ||||||
| Full-time employment | 4562 (40.0) | 818 (17.9) | <0.001 | Full-time employment | 2977 (24.4) | 490 (16.5) | <0.001 |
| Part-time employment | 1161 (10.2) | 347 (29.9) | Part-time employment | 1215 (9.9) | 340 (28.0) | ||
| Self-employed | 2254 (19.8) | 327 (14.5) | Self-employed | 784 (6.4) | 99 (12.6) | ||
| Unemployed | 3039 (26.7) | 1324 (43.6) | Unemployed | 3191 (26.1) | 1221 (38.3) | ||
| Retired | 347 (3.0) | 95 (27.4) | Retired | 124 (1.0) | 32 (25.8) | ||
| Housework | 30 (0.3) | 10 (33.3) | Housewife | 3922 (32.1) | 1001 (25.5) | ||
*Chi-square tests examining the relationship between food insecurity (with hunger vs. those reporting food security or food insecurity without hunger) and each characteristic.