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Potential interaction of renin-angiotensinsystem (RAS) system and amyloid-β (Aβ) metabolism. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) has positive effects for Aβ degradation (dotted line) and angiotensin II has inhibitory effects on acetylcholine release (red line). Therefore, ACE inhibitors, by reducing the level of both ACE and angiotensin II, generate both beneficial and negative effects for AD. Ach, acetylcholine; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; HTN, hypertension.
