Table 2. Recent studies of left ventricular deformation using speckle tracking echocardiography.
| Studygroups | Patientgroups | N | Age | Male, % | LVEF, % | E/e′ | Peak longitudinal strain, % | Peak circumferential strain, % | Peak radial strain, % | Twist, ° | Devices |
| Sengupta et al. 21 | HTN | 34 | 36 ± 3 | 56 | 67 ± 5 | NA | -13.4 ± 5.8‡ | -19 ± 9.6 | 17.2 ± 10.3 | NA | HD 7, Philips |
| Control | 25 | 33 ± 4 | 70 | 65 ± 5 | NA | -20.2 ± 4.7 | -23.5 ± 8.8 | 20.3 ± 11.3 | NA | ||
| Mizuguchi et al. 25 | HTN & C-LVH | 25 | 62 ± 10 | 64 | 70.4 ± 11.8† | 10.3 ± 4.1† | -17.9 ± 2.9‡ | -20.4 ± 4.5† | 62.7 ± 14.4† | 21 ± 6.8 | Vivid 7, GE |
| Control | 22 | 59 ± 12 | 32 | 77.4 ± 8.1 | 7.3 ± 2.4 | -22.9 ± 1.7 | -23.7 ± 3 | 74.4 ± 8 | 20.5 ± 6.5 | ||
| Delgadoet al. 26 | AS | 73 | 65 ± 13 | 56 | 61 ± 11 | NA | -14.6 ± 4.1‡ | -15.2 ± 5† | 33.1 ± 14.8 | NA | Vivid 7, GE |
| HTN & LVH | 20 | 66 ± 9 | 50 | 61 ± 7 | NA | -17.2 ± 3.7† | -17 ± 3 | 34.4 ± 10.7 | NA | ||
| Control | 20 | 65 ± 8 | 35 | 62 ± 7 | NA | -20.3 ± 2.3 | -19.5 ± 2.9 | 38.9 ± 6.4 | NA | ||
| Wanget al. 23 | Systolic HF | 30 | 52 ± 15* | 80* | 24 ± 9* | NA | -4 (-7, -3)* | -7 ± 3* | 14 ± 8* | 5 ± 2* | Vivid 7, GE |
| Diastolic HF | 20 | 63 ± 16* | 70* | 63 ± 6 | NA | -12 (-13, -8)* | -15 ± 5 | 28 ± 9 | 13 ± 6 | ||
| Control | 17 | 42 ± 11 | 29 | 64 ± 6 | NA | -19 ± 1.9 | -20 ± 3 | 47 ± 7 | 14 ± 5 | ||
| Yip et al. 31 | HFrEF | 175 | 67 ± 13‡ | 70* | 31.1 ± 8.6‡ | 21.4 ± 10.7‡ | -9.6 ± 3.6‡ | -9.5 ± 3.3‡ | 18 ± 9.7‡ | 8.2 ± 5.3‡ | Vivid 7, GE |
| HFpEF | 112 | 74 ± 12‡ | 36* | 61.2 ± 6.3‡ | 19.9 ± 9.7‡ | -15.9 ± 3.9‡ | -20.8 ± 4.9‡ | 32.9 ± 10.6‡ | 16.3 ± 7.1‡ | ||
| Control | 60 | 53 ± 10 | 52 | 67.6 ± 4.3 | 8.5 ± 2.2 | -20.9 ± 2.5 | -26.4 ± 3.5 | 44.5 ± 10.2 | 21.6 ± 5.2 |
* p < 0.05 versus control; † p < 0.01 versus control; ‡ p < 0.001 versus control.
C-LVH, concentric left ventricular hypertrophy; E/e′, the ratio of early diastolic mitral inflow to early diastolic mitral annular tissue velocity; GE, general electric; HF, heart failure; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HfrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HTN, hypertension; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; N/A, data not available.