Table 1.
Demographics and drug use of all study participants.
| Between-Group Test | Urine Positive Cocaine (N=8) |
Urine Negative Cocaine (N=14) |
Healthy Controls (N=13) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender: Male/Female | χ2=2.50 | 4/4 | 11/3 | 7/6 |
| Race: African-American/Caucasian/Other | χ2=3.86 | 7/0/1 | 7/4/3 | 9/2/2 |
| Age (years) | F=0.64 | 46.3 ± 9.1 | 44.9 ± 8.5 | 42.4 ± 6.9 |
| Education (years) | F=3.26 | 12.5 ± 1.4 | 13.6 ± 1.5 | 14.4 ± 1.9 |
| Verbal IQ: WRAT III – Scaled Score (Wilkinson, 1993) | F=3.08 | 90.9 ± 9.1 | 99.9 ± 9.8 | 99.7 ± 7.8 |
| Non-Verbal IQ: WASI – Matrix Reasoning Scale (Wechsler, 1999) | F=0.47 | 11.0 ± 1.5 | 10.5 ± 1.8 | 11.1 ± 1.5 |
| Depression: Beck Depression Inventory II (Beck et al., 1996) | F=7.02* | 11.9 ± 7.6C | 5.6 ± 6.0 | 2.5 ± 3.3A |
| Smoking status (smoker/nonsmoker) | χ2=10.32* | 6/2C | 7/7C | 1/12A,B |
| Cocaine diagnosis status: current/partial or sustained remissionD | χ2=1.01 | 4/4 | 4/10 | – |
| Cocaine age of onset (years) | z=−0.14 | 25.3 ± 9.8 | 24.2 ± 6.9 | – |
| Cocaine duration of use (years) | z=−1.99 | 20.0 ± 7.7 | 13.4 ± 6.0 | – |
| Cocaine past month use: days/week | z=−2.85* | 3.1 ± 2.7B | 0.6 ± 1.6A | – |
| Cocaine past month use: $/use | z=−3.36* | 105.0 ± 175.5B | 3.1 ± 7.8A | – |
| Cocaine current abstinence: days (min – max, median) | z=−2.90* | 1–180, 12B | 4–5840, 365A | – |
| Cocaine heaviest use: days/week | z=−0.46 | 6.6 ± 1.2 | 6.4 ± 1.3 | – |
| Cocaine heaviest use: $/use | z=−0.00 | 183.4 ± 179.5 | 222.9 ± 203.2 | – |
| Cocaine longest abstinence: years (min – max, median) | z=−1.93 | 0–4, 1 | 0–16, 4 | – |
| Withdrawal symptoms: CSSA (0–126) | t=2.49* | 29.6 ± 11.9B | 15.2 ± 10.8A | – |
| Severity of Dependence Scale (0–15) | t=0.56 | 4.6 ± 5.2 | 6.1 ± 6.2 | – |
| Cocaine Craving Questionnaire (0–45) | t=6.57* | 30.0 ± 10.5B | 4.7 ± 6.1A | – |
| Alcohol Status (current/past/none)E | χ2=0.73 | 2/2/4 | 3/6/5 | – |
| Alcohol Abstinence: Active or Past Users (days: min–max, median) | z=−0.56 | 5–730, 281 | 1–3650, 183 | – |
| Marijuana Status (current/past/none) | χ2=1.52 | 0/1/7 | 1/4/9 | – |
| Marijuana Abstinence: Active or Past Users (days: min–max, median) | z=−0.88 | 5475 | 120–9855, 365.0 | – |
| Opioid Status (current/past/none) | χ2=1.47 | 0/2/6 | 2/2/10 | – |
| Opioid Abstinence: Active or Past Users (days: min – max, median) | z=−0.47 | 730–4745, 2737.5 | 180–6935, 729 | – |
Note. Values are frequencies or means ± standard deviation;
p<0.05
(mean value differs from that of urine positive cocaine participants;
mean value differs from that of urine negative cocaine participants;
mean value differs from that of controls);
urine negative cocaine participants, despite not having used cocaine within 72 hours, could still meet criteria for current cocaine use disorder; conversely, urine positive cocaine participants, despite having used cocaine within 72 hours, could still meet criteria for cocaine use disorder in partial remission.
Data missing for 2 participants. WRAT = Wide Range Achievement Test; WASI = Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence; CSSA = Cocaine Selective Severity Assessment Scale.