FIGURE 1:

Study cohort flow chart. A total of 360 379 adult KPSC members were identified with outpatient phosphorus and hemoglobin (Hgb) measurements; 204 405 individuals were not eligible on the basis of the exclusion criteria and 155 974 individuals were included in the analysis. Mild anemia, defined as Hgb <12 g/dL for females and <13 g/dL for males, was identified in 12.9% of the cohort (N = 20 079). Moderate anemia, defined as Hgb <11 g/dL for both sex, was identified in 4.1% of the cohort (N = 6410).