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The blank group has no nutrients. The control groups have no PM2.5. A1&A2, representative cell membrane integrity; B1-D2, oxidative stress of HUVECs; E1-F2, the level of inflammatory cytokines. Significant difference **p< 0.01, *p< 0.05 vs. blank group; #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.05 vs. previous group in the bar graph.
