Table 1. Details of the eight forest and two oil palm plantation study areas in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo.
| Study area | FMU size (km2) | Location (Lat/ Lon) | Dominant landcover type(s) | Level of fragmentation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crocker | 1399 | 5° 26’ N, 116° 02’ E | Primary, hill dipterocarp, sub-montane & montane. | Large, relatively isolated forest block. |
| Danum Valley | 438 | 4° 58’ N, 117° 46’ E | Primary, lowland & hill dipterocarp. | Part of ca. 1 million ha Central Sabah Forest complex [29]. |
| Kabili-Sepilok | 42.9 | 5° 51’ N, 117° 57’ E | Partially selectively logged, lowland dipterocarp, heath forest & mangrove. | Small, isolated fragment. Possible connectivity along coastal mangrove system |
| Kinabatangan | 260 | 5° 29’ N, 118° 08’ E | Selectively logged, mosaic of forest types, including riparian forest, seasonally flooded forest, swamp forest, limestone forest. | Highly fragmented. Contiguous with 250 km2 state owned Forest Reserves and privately owned forest patches. |
| Malua | 340 | 5° 08’ N, 117° 40’ E | Twice-logged (1960s & 2006–2007), lowland dipterocarp. High density of open logging roads and skid trails. | Part of ca. 1 million ha Central Sabah Forest complex [29]. |
| Tabin (North and South) | 1,205 | 5° 14’ N, 118° 51’ E | Selectively logged (1969–1989), lowland dipterocarp. Low density of open and semi-closed logging roads. | Large, relatively isolated forest block. Possible connectivity with coastal mangrove to north. |
| Tawau | 280 | 4° 27’ N, 117° 57’ E | Primary, lowland & hill dipterocarp, sub-montane & montane. | Large, relatively isolated forest block, contiguous with commercial Forest Reserve to north. |
| Ulu Segama | 2029 | 4° 59’ N, 117° 52’ E | Selectively logged (1978–1991), lowland dipterocarp. Rehabilitation planting ongoing [30]. Medium density of open and semi-closed logging roads. | Part of ca. 1 million ha Central Sabah Forest complex [29]. |
| Danum Palm | NA | 5° 05’ N, 117° 46’ E | Semi-mature (planted in 2000), terraced oil palm plantation. Largely open understorey. Semi-natural scrub bordering one large river and one stream. | Shares eastern and western borders with ca. 1 million ha Central Sabah Forest complex [29]. |
| Minat Teguh | NA | 5° 50’ N, 117° 53’ E | Mature (planted in 1995), oil palm plantation. Largely open understorey. Border fringed with mangrove. | Shares eastern border with Kabili-Sepilok Forest Reserve |
FMU: Forest Management Unit.