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Synthesis of Ub-protein conjugates using methods other than NCL. (A) Synthesis of nonhydrolyzable Ub dimers by constructing a thioether bridge between monomers. (B) Conjugation of Ub to target protein using directed disulfide exchange. The target protein shown here is proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA).111 PCNA PDB code: 1VYM.120
