Table 2.
Patient characteristics of the study population stratified by parity and by duration of active pushing
| Nulliparous | Parous | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient characteristics |
< 60m N=15148 |
60-119m N = 6613 |
120-179m N=2796 |
180-239m N=1011 |
≥ 240m N = 460 |
P | < 60m N = 25645 |
60-119m N = 1145 |
120-179m N=467 |
P |
| Age (years) | 24.7 (5.9) |
26.6 (5.9) |
28.0 (5.8) |
28.2 (5.9) |
27.8 (6.2) | <0.001 | 29.3 (5.6) |
30.7 (5.6) |
30.0 (5.7) |
<0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.0 (5.7) | 30.1 (5.6) |
30.0 (5.4) |
30.1 (5.2) |
30.4 (5.5) | 0.072 | 30.8 (5.9) |
31.5 (6.2) |
31.4 (5.3) |
<0.001 |
| Race/ ethnicity |
<0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||
| NHW | 6928 (45.7) |
3798 (57.4) |
1713 (61.3) | 599 (59.3) |
266 (57.8) |
11360 (44.3) |
535 (46.7) | 191 (40.9) |
||
| NHB | 3431 (22.7) |
771 (11.7) | 223 (8.0) |
84 (8.3) |
61 (13.3) | 4989 (19.5) | 160 (14.0) | 90 (19.3) |
||
| Hispanic | 3045 (20.1) |
1066 (16.1) |
381 (13.6) |
164 (16.2) |
67 (14.6) | 6981 (27.2) | 296 (25.9) | 141 (30.2) |
||
| Asian | 844 (5.6) |
566 (8.6) |
257 (9.2) |
88 (8.7) |
34 (7.4) |
1091 (4.3) |
94 (8.2) |
23 (4.9) |
||
| Other | 900 (5.9) |
412 (6.2) |
222 (7.9) |
76 (7.5) |
32 (7.0) |
1224 (4.8) |
60 (5.2) |
22 (4.7) |
||
| Private insurance |
7694 (51.1) |
4214 (64.4) |
1978 (71.8) | 704 (70.5) |
289 (63.4) |
<0.001 | 12059 (47.4) |
636 (55.9) | 205 (44.2) |
<0.001 |
| Cigarette use during pregnancy |
1357 (9.0) |
437 (6.6) |
146 (5.2) |
47 (4.7) |
27 (5.9) |
<0.001 | 2530 (9.9) |
81 (7.1) |
40 (8.6) |
0.006 |
| HDP* | 1580 (10.4) |
697 (10.5) | 264 (9.4) |
130 (12.9) |
59 (12.8) | 0.017 | 1681 (6.6) |
68 (5.9) |
34 (7.3) |
0.58 |
| Diabetes mellitus** |
622 (4.1) |
333 (5.0) |
138 (4.9) |
53 (5.2) | 24 (5.2) | 0.003 | 1605 (6.3) | 83 (7.3) |
39 (8.4) |
0.006 |
| GBS status | <0.001 | 0.11 | ||||||||
| Positive | 3539 (23.4) |
1476 (22.3) |
602 (21.5) |
212 (21.0) | 88 (19.1) | 5696 (22.2) | 244 (21.3) | 90 (19.3) |
||
| Negative | 10170 (67.1) |
4628 (70.0) |
2001 (71.6) | 711 (70.3) |
351 (76.3) |
16209 (63.2) |
752 (65.7) | 317 (67.9) |
||
| Unknown | 1439 (9.5) | 509 (7.7) |
193 (6.9) |
88 (8.7) |
21 (4.6) |
3740 (14.6) | 149 (13.0) | 60 (12.9) |
||
| Oligo- hydramnios |
632 (4.2) |
243 (3.7) | 91 (3.3) |
36 (3.6) |
18 (3.9) |
0.12 | 696 (2.7) |
34 (3.0) |
6 (1.3) |
0.14 |
| pPROM or PROM |
357 (2.4) |
168 (2.6) |
77 (2.8) |
35 (3.5) |
16 (3.6) |
0.11 | 326 (1.3) |
16 (1.4) |
9 (1.9) |
0.45 |
| Epidural | 12,644 (90.5) |
6100 (95.9) |
2629 (97.6) | 965 (98.3) |
425 (96.8) |
<0.001 | 18186 (85.5) |
1028 (94.4) |
397 (91.5) |
<0.001 |
| Episiotomy | 2266 (15.0) |
1305 (19.7) |
613 (21.9) |
210 (20.8) |
79 (17.2) |
<0.001 | 1517 (5.9) |
142 (12.4) |
42 (9.0) |
<0.001 |
| Duration of delayed pushing (min) |
10 (1, 30) |
14 (3, 46) |
15 (3, 51) |
13 (2, 49) |
10 (0, 40) |
<0.001 | 4 (0, 12) |
7 (0, 24) |
4 (0, 17) |
<0.001 |
All data presented as means (standard deviation), median (interquartile range), or N (%)
m = minutes; BMI = body mass index at delivery; NHW = non-Hispanic white; NHB = non-Hispanic black; HDP = hypertensive disease of pregnancy; GBS = Group B streptococcus; pPROM = preterm premature rupture of the membranes; PROM = premature rupture of membranes
*
includes chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, and preeclampsia;
**
includes pregestational and gestational diabetes mellitus