. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Apr 1.

Published in final edited form as: Obstet Gynecol. 2016 Apr;127(4):667–673. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000001354

Table 5.

Multivariable analysis for the association of duration of active pushing with maternal and neonatal outcomes in parous women.

Obstetric outcomes	60-119 min^*	120-179 min^*
Cesarean^**	14.1 (10.6, 18.9)	44.4 (32.4, 60.9)
OVD^**	4.4 (3.6, 5.4)	8.2 (6.3, 10.6)
PPH	2.2 (1.3, 3.8)	5.6 (3.2, 9.6)
3^rd/4^th degree laceration	3.1 (2.1, 4.4)	5.5 (3.5, 8.6)
CAO	1.8 (1.2, 2.9)	2.7 (1.5, 4.8)

All data presented as odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) Multivariable analysis adjusted for the following covariates: age, body mass index, race/ethnicity, private insurance, cigarette use during pregnancy, hypertensive disease of pregnancy, diabetes mellitus, Group B streptococcus status, oligohydramnios, premature rupture of membranes, epidural analgesia, duration of delayed pushing

referent = active pushing < 60 minutes;

^**

referent = spontaneous vaginal delivery min = minutes; AP = active pushing; OVD = operative vaginal delivery; PPH = postpartum hemorrhage; CAO = composite adverse outcome