Table 1. Causal and observational risk estimates for ischemic heart disease¹⁶⁾.

		Hazard/odds ratio	p	p for comparison
Remnant cholesterol	Observational: elevated plasma levels	1.37 (1.27-1.47)	5x10-17	3x10-4
	Causal: genetically elevated levels	2.82 (1.92-4.15)	1x10-7
Remnant cholesterol to HDL cholesterol ratio	Observation: elevated plasma levels	1.23 (1.19-1.27)	9x10-33	1x10-4
	Causal: genetically elevated levels	2.94 (1.90-4.55)	1x10-6
HDL cholesterol	Observational: reduced plasma levels	1.55 (1.43-1.68)	9x10-27	0.02
	Causal: genetically reduced levels	0.74 (0.40-1.37)	0.3
LDL cholesterol	Observational: elevated plasma levels	1.14 (1.10-1.18)	2x10-14	7x10-6
	Causal: genetically elevated levels	1.47 (1.32-1.63)	4x10-13

HDL: high-density lipoprotein, LDL: low-density lipoprotein