Table 2.
Microorganisms isolated from some common and uncommon fermented cereal foods of the world.
| Product | Raw material/Substrate | Sensory property and nature | Microorganisms | Country | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ang-kak | Red rice | Colorant | Monascus purpureus | China, Taiwan, Thailand, Philippines | Steinkraus, 1996 |
| Boza | Cereals | Sour refreshing liquid | Lactobacillus sp., Lactococcus sp., Pediococcus sp., Leuconostoc sp., Sacch. cerevisiae | Bulgaria | Blandino et al., 2003 |
| Busa | Maize, sorghum, millet | Submerged | Sacch. cerevisiae, Schizosacchromyces pombe, Lb. plantarum, Lb. helveticus, Lb. salivarius, Lb. casei, Lb. brevis, Lb. buchneri, Leuc. mesenteroides, Ped. damnosus | East Africa, Kenya | Odunfa and Oyewole, 1997 |
| Ben-saalga | Pearl millet | Weaning food | Lactobacillus sp., Pediococcus sp., Leuconostoc sp., Weissela sp., yeasts | Burkina Faso, Ghana | Tou et al., 2007 |
| Dosa | Rice and black gram | Thin, crisp pancake, Shallow-fried, staple | Leuc. mesenteroides, Ent. faecalis, Tor. candida, Trichosporon pullulans | India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Singapore | Soni et al., 1986 |
| Enjera/Injera | Tef flour, wheat | Acidic, sourdough, leavened, pancake-like bread, staple | Lb. pontis, Lb. plantarum, Leuc. mesenteroides, Ped. cerevisiae, Sacch. cerevisiae, Cand. glabrata | Ethiopia | Olasupo et al., 2010 |
| Gowé | Maize | Intermediate product used to prepare beverages, porridges | Lb. fermentum, Lb. reuteri, Lb. brevis, Lb. confusus, Lb. curvatus, Lb. buchneri, Lb. salivarius, Lact. lactis, Ped. pentosaceus, Ped. acidilactici, Leuc. mesenteroides; Candidatropicalis, C. krusei, Kluyveromyces marxianus | Benin | Vieira-Dalodé et al., 2007; Greppi et al., 2013a |
| Hussuwa | Sorghum | Cooked dough | Lb. fermentum, Ped. acidilactici, Ped. pentosaceus, Yeasts | Sudan | Yousif et al., 2010 |
| Idli | Rice, black gram or other dehusked pulses | Mild-acidic, soft, moist, spongy pudding; staple, breakfast | Leuc. mesenteroides, Lb. delbrueckii, Lb. fermenti, Lb. coryniformis, Ped. acidilactis, Ped. cerevisae, Streptococcus sp., Ent. faecalis, Lact. lactis, B. amyloliquefaciens, Cand. cacaoi, Cand. fragicola, Cand. glabrata, Cand. kefyr, Cand. pseudotropicalis, Cand. sake, Cand. tropicalis, Deb. hansenii, Deb. tamarii, Issatchenkia terricola, Rhiz. graminis, Sacch. cerevisiae, Tor. candida, Tor. holmii | India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Singapore | Steinkraus et al., 1967; Sridevi et al., 2010 |
| Jalebi | Wheat flour | Crispy sweet, doughnut-like, deep-fried, snacks | Sacch. Bayanus, Lb. fermentum, Lb. buchneri, Lact. lactis, Ent. faecalis, Sacch. cerevisiae | India, Nepal, Pakistan | Batra and Millner, 1976 |
| Kenkey | Maize | Acidic, solid, steamed dumpling, staple | Lb. plantarum, Lb. brevis, Ent. cloacae, Acinetobacter sp., Sacch. cerevisiae, Cand. mycoderma | Ghana | Oguntoyinbo et al., 2011 |
| Khamak (Kao-mak) | Glutinous rice, Look-pang (starter) | Dessert | Rhizopus sp., Mucor sp., Penicillum sp., Aspergillus sp., Endomycopsis sp., Hansenula sp., Saccharomyces sp. | Thailand | Alexandraki et al., 2013 |
| Kunu-zaki | Maize, sorghum, millet | Mild-acidic, viscous, porridge, staple | Lb. plantarum, Lb. pantheris, Lb. vaccinostercus, Corynebacterium sp., Aerobacter sp., Cand. mycoderma, Sacch. cerevisiae, Rhodotorula sp., Cephalosporium sp., Fusarium sp., Aspergillussp., Penicillium sp. | Nigeria | Olasupo et al., 2010; Oguntoyinbo et al., 2011 |
| Kisra | Sorghum | Thin pancake bread, staple | Ped. pentosaceus, Lb. confusus, Lb. brevis, Erwinia ananas, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Ent. cloacae, Cand. intermedia, Deb. hansenii, Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Fusarium sp., Rhizopus sp. | Sudan | Hamad et al., 1997 |
| Koko | Maize | Porridge | Ent. clocae, Acinetobacter sp., Lb. plantarum, Lb. brevis, Sacch. cerevisiae, Cand. mycoderma | Ghana | Blandino et al., 2003 |
| Lao-chao | Rice | Paste, soft, juicy, glutinous dessert | Rhiz. oryzae, Rhiz. chinensis, Chlamydomucor oryzae, Sacchromycopsis sp. | China | Blandino et al., 2003 |
| Mawè | Maize | Intermediate product used to prepare beverages, porridges | Lb. fermentum, Lb. reuteri, Lb. brevis, Lb. confusus, Lb. curvatus, Lb. buchneri, Lb. salivarius, Lact. lactis, Ped. pentosaceus, Ped. acidilactici, Leuc. mesenteroides; Candida glabrata, Sacch. cerevisiae, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Clavispora lusitaniae | Benin, Togo | Greppi et al., 2013a,b |
| Mbege | Maize, sorghum, millet | Submerged | Sacch. cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Lb. plantarum, Leuc. mesenteroides | Tanzania | Odunfa and Oyewole, 1997 |
| Ogi | Maize, sorghum, millet | Mild-acidic, viscous, porridge, staple | Lb. plantarum, Lb. pantheris, Lb. vaccinostercus, Corynebacterium sp., Aerobacter sp., Candida krusei, Clavispora lusitaniae, Sacch. cerevisiae, Rhodotorula sp., Cephalosporium sp., Fusarium sp., Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp. | Nigeria | Greppi et al., 2013a |
| Pito | Maize, sorghum | Submerged | Geotrichum candidum, Lactobacillus sp., Candida sp. | West Africa | Odunfa and Oyewole, 1997 |
| Poto poto | Maize | Slurry | Lb. gasseri, Lb. plantarum/paraplantarum, Lb. acidophilus, Lb. delbrueckii, Lb. reuteri, Lb. casei, Bacillus sp., Enterococcus sp., Yeasts | Congo | Abriouel et al., 2006 |
| Pozol | Maize | Mild-acidic, thick viscous, porridge, staple | Strep. bovis, Strep. macedonicus, Lc. lactis, Ent. sulfureus | Mexico | Díaz-Ruiz et al., 2003 |
| Puto | Rice | Steamed cake, breakfast | Leuc. mesenteroides, Ent. faecalis, Ped. pentosaceus, Yeasts | Philippines | Steinkraus, 2004 |
| Rabadi | Buffalo or cow milk and cereals, pulses | Mild-acidic, thick slurry-like product | Ped. acidilactici, Bacillus sp., Micrococcus sp., yeasts | India, Pakistan | Gupta et al., 1992 |
| Selroti | Rice-wheat flour-milk | Pretzel-like, deep fried bread, staple | Leuc. mesenteroides, Ent. faecium, Ped. Pentosaceus and Lb. curvatus, Sacch. cerevisiae, Sacch. kluyveri, Deb. hansenii, P. burtonii, Zygosaccharomyces rouxii | India, Nepal, Bhutan | Yonzan and Tamang, 2010, 2013 |
| Sourdough | Rye, wheat | Mild-acidic, leavened bread | Lb. sanfranciscensis, Lb. alimentarius, Lb. buchneri, Lb. casei, Lb. delbrueckii, Lb. fructivorans, Lb. plantarum, Lb. reuteri, Lb. johnsonii, Cand. humili, Issatchenkia orientalis | America, Europe, Australia | Gänzle et al., 1998; de Vuyst et al., 2009 |
| Tape Ketan | Glutinous rice, Ragi | Sweet, sour, mild alcoholic, dessert | Thizopus sp., Chlamydomucor sp., Candida sp., Endomycopsis sp., Saccharomyces sp. | Indonesia | Steinkraus, 1996 |
| Togwa | Cassava, maize, sorghum, millet | Fermented gruel or beverage | Lb. brevis, Lb. cellobiosus, Lb. fermentum, Lb. plantarum and Ped. pentosaceus, Candida pelliculosa, C. tropicalis, Issatchenkia orientalis, Sacch. cerevisiae | Tanzania | Mugula et al., 2003 |
| Tarhana | Sheep milk, wheat | Mild-acidic, sweet-sour, soup or biscuit | Lb. bulgaricus, Strep. thermophilus, yeasts | Cyprus, Greece, Turkey | Sengun et al., 2009 |
| Uji | Maize, sorghum, millet, cassava flour | Acidic, sour, porridge, staple | Leuc. mesenteroides, Lb. plantarum | Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania | Odunfa and Oyewole, 1997 |