Fig. 5.

Cd treatment results in apoptotic as well as necrotic cell death in endothelial cells. Endothelial cells were treated with Cd as indicated for 72 and 96 h and the amount of necrotic as well as apoptotic cells were quantified using Annexin V/PI stainings and flow cytometry-based analyses (a). The cell death inhibitory effect of the calpain inhibitor (b), p53 KD (c), BCL-XL OE (d), autophagy inhibition (e) and of 2APB (f) is also depicted in this figure. All experiments were performed in triplicates and were repeated at least three times. Results depict the mean ± standard deviation. Asterisks indicate significant differences compared to the corresponding control (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001) and hash signs indicate significant differences between the groups (^# p < 0.05; ^## p < 0.01; ^### p < 0.001)