Table 1.
Maternal and infant demographics and plasma metabolites
| Lean (n = 25) | OB (n = 26) | OB+DM (n = 28) | F ratio P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal variables | ||||
| Age (years) | 23 ± 3 | 25 ± 5 | 31 ± 6† | <0.001 |
| Height (cm) | 161.8 ± 5.3 | 168.0 ± 8.9 | 164.8 ± 5.5 | <0.001 |
| Weight (kg) | 70.8 ± 8.2 | 113.6 ± 21.8 | 127.6 ± 22.1*† | <0.001 |
| Gravida (n) | 2.3 ± 1.3 | 3.0 ± 1.7 | 3.6 ± 2.8 | 0.08 |
| Prenatal visits (n, %) | ||||
| 1–5 visits | 2, 8 | 2, 8 | 1, 4 | |
| 6–10 visits | 14, 56 | 14, 54 | 9, 32 | |
| >10 visits | 9, 36 | 10, 38 | 18, 64 | |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 144.8 ± 44.1 | 159.8 ± 55.1 | 177.4 ± 91.2 | 0.47 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 205.0 ± 33.3 | 197.7 ± 34.7 | 177.3 ± 37.9† | <0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 71.2 ± 17.4 | 58.0 ± 13.1 | 56.8 ± 15.0 | 0.91 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 104.8 ± 29.3 | 107.8 ± 29.9 | 85.8 ± 32.4 | <0.001 |
| Leptin (μg/L) | 21.0 ± 6.4 | 49.3 ± 20.1† | 52.8 ± 37.1† | <0.001 |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 2.8 ± 1.1 | 3.5 ± 1.8 | 4.1 ± 2.0† | <0.02 |
| IGF-1 (ng/mL) | 313.2 ± 89.0 | 277.7 ± 100.0 | 382.0 ± 184.1 | 0.05 |
| Infant variables | ||||
| Gestational age (weeks) | 38.3 ± 1.3 | 38.8 ± 1.5 | 37.0 ± 1.9*† | <0.001 |
| Delivery mode | ||||
| Vaginal/cesarean | 68/32 | 42/58† | 32/68† | 0.05 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male/female (%) | 52/48 | 50/50 | 46/48 | 0.89 |
| Nursery admission | ||||
| Newborn/special care/NICU (%) | 80/20/0 | 81/15/4 | 50/42/8† | 0.01 |
| Resuscitative breathing | ||||
| Yes/no (%) | 12/88 | 23/77† | 43/57*† | 0.01 |
| Birth weight (g) | 3,070 ± 459 | 3,214 ± 756 | 3,604 ± 654*† | 0.01 |
| Birth length (cm) | 50.3 ± 2.6 | 50.8 ± 2.2 | 50.6 ± 2.9 | 0.91 |
| Ponderal index | 24.1 ± 2.3 | 25.7 ± 2.2 | 27.5 ± 3.5*† | 0.001 |
| Apgar, 1 min | 7.8 ± 1.4 | 7.1 ± 2.3 | 6.0 ± 2.9 | 0.01 |
| Apgar, 5 min | 8.8 ± 0.6 | 8.7 ± 0.9 | 7.8 ± 2.0 | 0.003 |
| Cord blood | ||||
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 93.1 ± 27.0 | 78.9 ± 14.4 | 86.9 ± 28.3 | 0.14 |
| Insulin (μU/mL) | 11.8 ± 7.4 | 10.9 ± 6.9 | 27.8 ± 24.1*† | <0.001 |
| C-peptide (ng/mL) | 0.87 ± 0.54 | 1.18 ± 0.81 | 1.83 ± 1.13*† | 0.001 |
| HOMA-insulin resistance | 2.8 ± 2.0 | 2.2 ± 1.7 | 6.0 ± 6.2*† | 0.001 |
| IGF-1 (ng/mL) | 61.2 ± 30.2 | 52.4 ± 19.7 | 70.5 ± 43.5 | 0.44 |
| FFA (mEq/L) | 0.14 ± 0.10 | 0.15 ± 0.10 | 0.16 ± 0.06 | 0.35 |
| Leptin (μg/L) | 11.2 ± 6.9 | 13.3 ± 9.1† | 30.9 ± 25.1*† | <0.001 |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 9.1 ± 10.4 | 10.0 ± 12.1 | 10.5 ± 13.2 | 0.93 |
Values are means ± SD. IL-6, interleukin 6; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit. Post hoc analysis:
*P < 0.05 vs. OB,
†P < 0.05 vs. Lean.