Table 4.

Potential nonsurgical treatments for various acute abdominal conditions

Diagnosis	Nonsurgical treatment option
Diverticular or appendix abscess	Radiological drainage for abscess or collection formation
Nongangrenous mesenteric ischemia	Anticoagulation Interventional radiology (clot thrombolysis or retrieval, arterial dilatation, and stenting)
Obstructing colorectal cancer	Endoluminal stenting
Severe cholecystitis or gallbladder empyema	Radiological drainage, “cholecystostomy”, gallbladder drainage
Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm	Endovascular aortic aneurysm repair
Major upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, eg, bleeding duodenal ulcer	Endoscopic hemostasis (adrenaline, clips, spray etc) Selective interventional radiological embolization of the bleeding vessel
Gastric volvulus/incarcerated hiatus hernia	Endoscopic decompression and guided nasogastric decompression Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy as fixation to prevent recurrence
Sigmoid volvulus	Rigid or flexible endoscopic decompression Percutaneous endoscopic colostomy as fixation to prevent recurrence