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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Clin Nurs Res. 2013 Aug 19;24(2):172–187. doi: 10.1177/1054773813498268

Table 2.

Means, standard deviations and group comparisons for the three locus of control measures: Internal, Chance and Powerful Others (N = 204).

Grouping variable Internal Chance Powerful Others
Race/Ethnicity
  Caucasian (W) 25.8 (3.0) 18.7 (4.8) 15.7 (3.8)
  African American (AA) 25.0 (3.4) 18.5 (5.3) 17.3 (4.2)
  Hispanic (H) 24.4 (5.1) 17.6 (6.2) 19.6 (5.8)
Group comparison (ANOVA F test) p = .08 p = .5 p < .0001
Significant post-hoc comparisons N/A N/A W<H; AA<H

Smoking Status
  Nonsmoker/nonexposed (NS/NE) 25.6 (4.2) 17.4 (5.1) 17.1 (4.6)
  Nonsmoker/passive exposed (NS/PE) 24.9 (3.4) 18.1 (4.8) 17.1 (4.9)
  Smoker (S) 25.4 (2.9) 20.4 (5.5) 16.3 (3.9)
Group comparison (ANOVA F test) p = .5 p = .004 p = .6
Significant post-hoc comparisons N/A NS/NE<S; NE/PE<S N/A

Preterm Birth Status
  Yes 25.3 (2.9) 19.5 (6.0) 15.4 (3.8)
  No 25.4 (3.8) 18.1 (5.0) 17.2 (4.6)
Group comparison (t test) p = .9 p = .1 p = .03

p = p-value