Table 1.
Maternal clinical background and perinatal results.
| ND | MGH | GDM | DM2 | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mothers | |||||
| Age (years) | 26.1±7.9a0 | 28.4±6.4a0 | 30.9±4.9b0 | 33.2±7.1b0 | <0.0001 |
| BMI 1 (kg/m2) | 26.4±5.0a1 | 31.6±7.9b1 | 33.3±7.1b1 | 34.8±5.9b1 | < 0.0001 |
| BMI 2 (kg/m2) | 31.1±5.5a2 | 35.0±7.3a2 | 37.4±6.5b2 | 37.2±9.9b2 | 0.0003 |
| Weight gain (kg) | 12.3±5.1 | 9.9±6.1 | 10.3±8.0 | 10.2±6.5 | ns |
| GA (weeks) | 39.5±1.7a3 | 39.3±1.1a3 | 38.9±1.3a3 | 37.5±0.8b3 | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension | 03 (6.52) | 12 (40.00) | 07 (15.55) | 11 (47.82) | ns |
| GM (mg/dL) | 83.1±7.8a5 | 91.3±11.7b5 | 101.9±14.2c5 | 109.6±13.8d5 | < 0.0001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.3±0.4a6 | 5.5±0.5b6 | 5.6±0.5b6 | 6.5±1.1c6 | < 0.0001 |
| Newborns | |||||
| Glycemia (mg/dL) | 65.5±19.3 | 61.50±15.9 | 73.5±30.9 | 68.9±22.6 | ns |
| Insulin (μU/mL) | 5.3±5.4 | 9.3±13.7 | 8.9±9.1 | 8.0±5.5 | ns |
| Leptin (pg/mL) | 52.1±63.5a0 | 219.4±311.9b0 | 147.3±107.2b0 | 253.8±361.5b0 | 0.0162 |
| Weight (g) | 3198.8±421.2a1 | 3637.2±579.2b1 | 3317.2±559.7a1 | 3070.2±488.5a1 | <0.0001 |
| PI (g/cm3) | 0.028±0.002 | 0.028±0.003 | 0.029±0.003 | 0.030±0.003 | ns |
| SGA | 03 (11.1) | 03 (15.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | <0.0001 |
| AGA | 22 (81.5) | 13 (65.0) | 20 (95.2) | 16 (84.2) | |
| LGA | 02 (7.4) | 04 (20.0) | 01 (4.8) | 03 (15.8) | |
| Ht (%) | 48.0±5.5a2 | 49.4±4.7b2 | 51.8±5.5b2 | 53.4±7.5c2 | 0.0026 |
| Hb (g/dL) | 15.9±2.2 | 16.1±1.5 | 16.6±1.8 | 17.0±2.3 | ns |
| pH | 7.26±0.12 | 7.28±0.10 | 7.27±0.09 | 7.30±0.07 | ns |
| Bilirubin (mg/dL) | 2.02±0.57 | 2.10±0.73 | 2.03±0.74 | 2.22±0.63 | ns |
| Apgar 1 < 7 | 05 (18.52) | 05 (25.00) | 03 (14.29) | 02 (10.53) | ns |
| Apgar 5 < 7 | 01 (3.70) | 02 (10.00) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ns |
Data presented as means ± standard deviation or n (%).BMI: body mass index; 1: Evaluated in pre-pregnancy; 2: Evaluated in the third trimester of pregnancy; GA: Gestational age at delivery; GM: Glycemic mean; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; PI: ponderal index (weight/length3 x100); Newborn classification (weight/gestational age): small (SGA), adequate (AGA), and large (LGA) for gestational age; Ht: hematocrit; Hb: hemoglobin. Values followed by different letters and the same index significantly differ (p < 0.05). ns: not significant (p > 0.05).