Fig. 1.

Model for adherence. The reported values are unstandardized path coefficients rounded to two decimal places. Dotted lines represent non-significant hypothesized pathways. Model fit without the pathway from school performance grade to family functioning at T1 was unacceptable (CFI = 0.85). This pathway was thus added in accordance with modification indices to improve overall model fit. A-US adolescent US born, D direct ratings of competence, HSI Hispanic Stress Inventory, I indirect ratings of competence, P-US parent US born, SES socioeconomic status, School performance grade was dummy coded with “D” schools as the reference group ^aA vs. D schools, ^bB vs. D schools, ^cC vs. D schools; *p < 0.05