Table 1.
Pretreatment Characteristics of Full Sample and Higher versus Lower Risk Patients
| Characteristic | Total (n = 290) | Higher risk (n = 241)a | Lower risk (n = 49)b | Test Statistic | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | |||||
| Female sex: n (%) | 196 (67.6) | 162 (67.2) | 34 (69.4) | .868c | |
| White race: n (%) | 249 (85.9) | 205 (85.1) | 44 (89.8) | .502c | |
| Age (years): M (SD) | 42.6 (12.1) | 42.7 (11.8) | 42.2 (13.6) | t = 0.27d | .789 |
| Marital status: n (%) | .637c | ||||
| Single | 164 (56.6) | 138 (57.3) | 26 (53.1) | ||
| Partnered | 126 (43.4) | 103 (42.7) | 23 (46.9) | ||
| Education: M (SD) | 15.6 (2.8) | 15.7 (2.9) | 14.9 (2.3) | t = 1.86d | .064 |
| Employment: n (%) | χ2 = 3.22e | .780 | |||
| Full-time | 145 (50.0) | 120 (49.8) | 25 (51.0) | ||
| Part-time | 33 (11.4) | 28 (11.6) | 5 (10.2) | ||
| Homemaker/caregiver | 19 (6.6) | 18 (7.5) | 1 (2.0) | ||
| Student | 17 (5.9) | 14 (5.8) | 3 (6.1) | ||
| Retired | 10 (3.5) | 9 (3.7) | 1 (2.0) | ||
| Other | 17 (5.9) | 13 (5.4) | 4 (8.2) | ||
| Unemployed | 49 (16.9) | 39 (16.2) | 10 (20.4) | ||
| Clinical | |||||
| HRSD-17 Score: M (SD) | 19.6 (3.9) | 20.0 (3.9) | 17.7 (3.0) | t = 3.91d | <.001 |
| Age of onset (years): Mdn (IQR) | 18.0 (12.0) | 18.0 (12.0) | 20.0 (14.0) | χ2 = 0.61f | .434 |
| Current episode length (months): Mdn (IQR) | 8.0 (19.0) | 9.0 (23.0) | 7.0 (14.0) | χ2 = 1.14f | .286 |
| Length of illness (years): Mdn (IQR) | 20.0 (18.0) | 20.0 (18.0) | 17.0 (25.0) | χ2 = 1.42f | .234 |
| Number of episodes: Mdn (IQR) | 4.0 (2.0) | 4.0 (2.0) | 4.0 (2.0) | χ2 = 0.01f | .908 |
| Comorbid DSM-IV diagnoses - n (%) | |||||
| Current | 114 (39.3) | 96 (39.8) | 18 (36.7) | .750c | |
| Lifetime | 213 (73.5) | 181 (75.1) | 32 (65.3) | .160c | |
| Current double depression: n (%) | 14 (4.8) | 11 (4.6) | 3 (6.1) | .713c | |
| Depressive subtype: n (%) | |||||
| RDC endogenous, definite | 99 (34.4) | 84 (35.1) | 15 (30.6) | .622c | |
| DSM-IV melancholia | 101 (35.1) | 85 (35.6) | 16 (32.7) | .745c | |
| Cognitive | |||||
| ASQ Stable: M (SD) | 1.1 (0.9) | 1.2 (0.9) | 0.9 (0.8) | t = 2.08d | .038 |
| ASQ Global: M (SD) | 1.1 (1.0) | 1.2 (0.9) | 0.7 (1.0) | t = 3.31d | .001 |
| DAS: M (SD) | 149.7 (34.6) | 151.9 (33.5) | 139.3 (38.0) | t = 2.31d | .022 |
| BHS: M (SD) | 11.6 (5.3) | 11.9 (5.1) | 10.0 (5.6) | t = 2.39d | .018 |
| SCS: M (SD) | −4.8 (26.8) | −6.7 (25.5) | 3.8 (30.9) | t = 2.29d | .013 |
| Interpersonal | |||||
| IIP: M (SD) | 1.6 (0.5) | 1.7 (0.5) | 1.4 (0.5) | t = 3.39d | <.001 |
| SAS-SR: M (SD) | 2.5 (0.4) | 2.5 (0.4) | 2.4 (0.5) | t = 2.40d | .017 |
| DYS: M (SD) | 89.5 (22.9) | 87.7 (22.6) | 97.0 (23.3) | t = 2.08d | .039 |
| Severity and clinical | |||||
| Early Responders: n (%) | 159 (54.8) | 115 (47.7) | 44 (89.8) | <.001c | |
| Late Responders: n (%) | 131 (45.2) | 126 (52.3) | 5 (10.2) | ||
| Process: M (SD) | |||||
| Working Alliance – Therapist | 5.9 (0.6) | 5.9 (0.6) | 6.1 (0.6) | t = 2.52d | .012 |
| Working Alliance – Client | 6.2 (0.6) | 6.2 (0.6) | 6.3 (0.6) | t = 1.25d | .214 |
Note. N = Number; M = Mean; Mdn = Median; SD = Standard Deviation; IQR = interquartile range. HRSD-17 = Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression; RDC = Research Diagnostic Criteria; ASQ = Attributional Style Questionnaire; DAS = Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale; BHS = Beck Hopelessness Scale. SCS = Self-control Schedule. IIP = Inventory of Interpersonal Problems; SAS-SR = Social Adjustment Scale –Self Report. DYS = Dyadic Adjustment Scale.
N reduced due to missing data: DSM-IV melancholia (n = 239) and RDC endogenous definite (n = 239); ASQ (n = 228); DAS (n = 232); BHS (n = 227); SCS (n = 227); IIP (n = 237); SAS-SR (n = 234); DYS (n = 136, completed only by patients in marital or similar relationships); Working Alliance – Therapist (n = 230); Working Alliance – Client (n = 222).
N reduced due to missing data: DAS (n = 48); SAS-SR (n = 48); DYS (n = 32); Working Alliance – Client (n = 45).
Exact p values are from Fisher’s exact test.
t statistics are from t-tests for independent samples; p values are two-tailed.
χ2 statistics for contingency tables.
χ2 statistics are from Kruskal-Wallis test for medians.