Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of new β-blockers medication users among chronic dialysis patients with hypertension across therapeutic subclasses
| All-cause mortality | CV event model | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cardio-selective | Non-selective | Cardio-selective | Non-selective | |
| Number of cases | 3781 (100 %) | 1157 (100 %) | 3495 (100 %) | 1042 (100 %) |
| Age, mean years (SD) | 60.4 (15.1)* | 58.3 (15.9)* | 60.1 (15.2)** | 57.6 (16.0)** |
| Females, n (%) | 2172 (57.5 %) | 625 (54.0 %) | 1992 (57.0 %) | 559 (53.7 %) |
| Race/Ethnicity, n (%) | ||||
| African-American | 1633 (43.2 %)* | 580 (50.2 %)* | 1531 (43.8 %)** | 545 (52.3 %)** |
| Caucasian | 1271 (33.6 %* | 297 (25.7 %)* | 1161 (33.2 %)** | 246 (23.6 %)** |
| Hispanic | 637 (16.9 %)* | 212 (18.3 %)* | 586 (16.8 %)** | 191 (18.3 %)** |
| Other | 240 (6.4 %)* | 68 (5.9 %)* | 217 (6.2 %)** | 60 (5.7 %)** |
| BMI category, n (%) | ||||
| < 20 kg/m2 | 374 (9.9 %) | 101 (8.7 %) | 345 (9.9 %) | 90 (8.6 %) |
| 20–24.9 kg/m2 | 1101 (29.1 %) | 355 (30.7 %) | 1013 (29.0 %) | 323 (31.0 %) |
| 25–29.9 kg/m2 | 1004 (26.6 %) | 320 (27.7 %) | 936 (26.8 %) | 279 (26.8 %) |
| 30+ kg/m2 | 1255 (33.2 %) | 369 (31.9 %) | 1158 (33.1 %) | 339 (32.5 %) |
| Missing | 47 (1.2 %) | 12 (1.0 %) | 43 (1.2 %) | 11 (1.0 %) |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 284 (7.5 %) | 63 (5.5 %) | 261 (7.5 %) | 55 (5.3 %) |
| Substance abuser,* n (%) | 91 (2.4 %)* | 47 (4.1 %)* | 85 (2.4 %)** | 47 (4.5 %)** |
| Unemployed, n (%) | 3679 (97.3 %) | 1129 (97.6 %) | 3397 (97.2 %) | 1014 (97.3 %) |
| Unable to ambulate, n (%) | 207 (5.5 %) | 52 (4.5 %) | 196 (5.6 %) | 47 (4.5 %) |
| Unable to transfer, n (%) | 61 (1.6 %) | 14 (1.2 %) | 58 (1.7 %) | 14 (1.3 %) |
| Cause of ESRD, n (%) | ||||
| Diabetes | 2008 (53.1 %) | 590 (51.0 %) | 1837 (52.6 %) | 530 (50.9 %) |
| Hypertension | 1109 (29.3 %) | 384 (33.2 %) | 1031 (29.5 %) | 350 (33.6 %) |
| Glomerulonephritis | 304 (8.0 %) | 84 (7.3 %) | 287 (8.2 %) | 75 (7.2 %) |
| Other | 906 (9.9 %) | 99 (8.6 %) | 340 (9.7 %) | 87 (8.4 %) |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| Diabetes | 2402 (63.5 %) | 730 (63.1 %) | 2198 (62.9 %) | 646 (62.0 %) |
| Congestive heart failure | 1287 (34.0 %)* | 453 (39.2 %)* | 1158 (33.1 %)** | 399 (38.3 %)** |
| Coronary artery disease | 1006 (26.6 %) | 299 (25.8 %) | 912 (26.1 %) | 254 (24.4 %) |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 585 (15.5 %) | 151 (13.1 %) | 536 (15.3 %)* | 123 (11.8 %)* |
| Cerebrovascular accident | 468 (12.4 %) | 115 (9.9 %) | 429 (12.3 %) | 98 (9.4 %) |
| Modified Liu comorbidity | 6.5 ± 3.6 | 6.61 ± 3.8 | 6.3 ± 3.6 | 6.4 ± 3.7 |
| ACE/ARB use, baseline | 37.3 % | 35.4 % | 36.7 % | 34.4 % |
| CCB use, baseline | 59.7 %* | 61.9 %* | 59.5 %** | 63.2 %** |
| In-center hemodialysis n (%) | 3582 (94.7 %) | 1108 (95.8 %) | 3313 (94.8 %) | 995 (95.5 %) |
| Hemoglobin > = 11 | 893 (23.6 %)* | 225 (19.5 %)* | 822 (23.5 %)** | 196 (18.8 %)** |
| Vintage (years) when drug initiated, mean (SD) | 0.10 (0.07) | 0.10 (0.07) | 0.10 (0.07) | 0.10 (0.07) |
| Proportion days covered, mean (SD) | 0.56 (0.28)* | 0.53 (0.28)* | 0.56 (0.28) | 0.54 (0.28) |
| Mortality, n (%) | 1246 (33.0 %) | 379 (32.7 %) | ||
| CV event, n (%) | 1627 (46.5 %) | 485 (46.5 %) | ||
BMI body mass index, ESRD end stage renal disease, ACEI angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB angiotensin receptor blocker, CCB calcium channel blocker
*p < 0.01 for differences between subclasses within ACM model
**p < 0.01 for differences between subclasses within CVMM model