Table 2.
Descriptive Statistics and Factor Loadings for Main Variables in the Model
| Descriptive statistics | Factor loadings | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 1 | Year 2 | ||||
| M (SD) | n | M (SD) | n | Unstandardized | Standardized | Unstandardized | Standardized | |
| Obstacles to involvement | 1.63 (1.22) | 951 | ||||||
| Practical support | 4.31 (0.99) | 991 | ||||||
| Teacher/staff training | 3.82 (1.20) | 1,019 | ||||||
| Parent involvement | ||||||||
| Classroom | 1.17 (0.68) | 955 | 1.00 a | .80 | ||||
| Social | 0.54 (0.55) | 955 | 1.23*** | .81 | ||||
| Parent cognitive stimulation | 10.62 (1.49) | 956 | 10.59 (1.56) | 956 | ||||
| Parent controlling behavior | 17.92 (3.06) | 956 | 18.18 (2.97) | 943 | ||||
| Parents’ use of spanking | 0.65 (1.09) | 955 | 0.50 (0.95) | 950 | ||||
| Behavior problems | ||||||||
| Hyperactivity | 3.52 (2.91) | 987 | 2.24 (2.58) | 968 | 1.00 | .86 | 1.00 | .89 |
| Aggression | 1.68 (1.97) | 986 | 1.32 (1.82) | 968 | 0.61*** | .79 | 0.60*** | .77 |
| Withdrawal | 1.68 (2.05) | 986 | 1.34 (1.83) | 968 | 0.38*** | .48 | 0.42*** | .53 |
| Positive learning behaviors | ||||||||
| Persistence | 48.62 (10.14) | 987 | 53.16 (8.91) | 968 | 1.00 | .92 | 1.00 | .93 |
| Attitude | 49.18 (10.05) | 987 | 51.90 (9.10) | 968 | 0.91*** | .85 | 0.89*** | .83 |
| Motivation | 48.78 (10.08) | 987 | 52.41 (9.35) | 968 | 0.77*** | .73 | 0.80*** | .74 |
| Literacy skills | ||||||||
| WJ—Letter Word | 297.87 (18.65) | 853 | 336.81 (26.21) | 990 | 1.00 | .59 | 1.00 | .72 |
| WJ—Spelling Word | 337.58 (28.77) | 915 | 382.62 (28.67) | 992 | 0.77*** | .30 | 0.98*** | .68 |
| PPVT | 84.72 (15.66) | 955 | 89.95 (15.24) | 992 | 0.88*** | .63 | 0.49*** | .66 |
| Story & Print Concepts | 2.85 (2.10) | 831 | 6.06 (2.15) | 973 | 0.10*** | .54 | 0.07*** | .66 |
| Math skills | ||||||||
| ECLS-B Math | 6.14 (2.40) | 939 | 12.41 (3.62) | 973 | 1.00 | .97 | 1.00 | 1.00b |
| WJ—Applied Problems | 368.48 (24.24) | 834 | 399.77 (20.69) | 981 | 4.98*** | .49 | 4.93*** | .91 |
Note. WJ = Woodcock–Johnson; PPVT = Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test; ECLS-B = Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort.
a
According to structural equation modeling requirements, for each factor, one variable loading was set to equal 1.00.
b
Residual variance was set to .001.
***
p < .001.