Table 2.

Example of diffusion MRI findings in psychiatric disorders.

Disorder	Most Recent dMRI findings
Addiction (Alcohol Use Disorder)	Longitudinal examination of white matter microstructural integrity found that relapsing individuals with alcohol use disorder had continued worsening, whereas the abstaining individuals showed improvement in DTI indices of fibre integrity (e.g. callosal genu and body; (Pfefferbaum et al. 2014)).
Addiction (Stimulant Use Disorder)	Reduced frontal (orbitofrontal, inferior frontal, anterior cingulate) white matter integrity (FA) in individuals with stimulant use disorder (Chung et al. 2007; Lim et al. 2002; Romero et al. 2010)
Alzheimer’s Disease	White matter deterioration in fornix, corpus callosum, cingulum, related to cognitive impairments (Daianu et al. 2013; Nir et al. 2013)
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)	Upper motor neuron impairment has been examined using diffusion metrics, which have been found to correlate with disease severity and duration (Ellis et al. 1999; Iwata et al. 2008). Can be potentially used for diagnosis, based on reduced FA in corticospinal tract (Liu et al. 2015).
Depression	Disrupted white matter integrity in default mode network and in a network including frontal cortex, thalamus, and caudate (Korgaonkar et al. 2014)
Parkinson’s Disease	Full-brain white matter integrity can be used to discriminate between patients and controls (Skidmore et al. 2015). FA within between parkinsonian disorders
Schizophrenia	White matter integrity abnormalities identified in specific regions such as corpus callosum and temporal lobe (Balevich et al. 2015; Ellison-Wright et al. 2014; Lener et al. 2015) Potential trait marker for schizophrenia identified in right arcuate fasciculus of relatives (Skudlarski et al. 2013; Wu et al. 2015).
Stroke	Can be used to monitor outcome: Reduction in lesion volume/complete recovery after 30 days of minor ischemic stroke onset (Kate et al. 2015); white matter damage after ischemic stroke has been related to functional outcomes; degree of recovery related to infarct location (Yassi et al. 2015). Tensor-free approaches allow better detection of damaged tracts than diffusion tensor approaches (Auriat et al. 2015).
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)	Reduction in white matter integrity related to mild TBI (e.g. lower FA in internal capsule; (Hayes et al. 2015)) has been found to be proportionally exacerbated with number of blast exposure and loss of consciousness (Hayes et al. 2015; Morey et al. 2013). Post-injury changes in white matter integrity associated with changes in memory and learning can be detected with dMRI (Newcombe et al. 2015).

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