TABLE 2.
Concentrations of colonic microbial and phase II metabolites of cocoa flavanols in serum of male pigs fed 0–20 g cocoa powder/d for 27 d1
| Concentration |
||||
| Metabolite | 0 g/d | 2.5 g/d | 10 g/d | 20 g/d |
| Phenylpropionic acids, nmol/mL | ||||
| 3-Hydroxyphenylpropionic acid isomers | 2.46 ± 1.34 (0.57–4.51) | 4.28 ± 2.33 (0.54–4.08) | 1.33 ± 0.72 (0–2.95) | 0.99 ± 0.54 (0–3.28) |
| 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid | 3.31 ± 3.04a (0.57–4.51) | 2.00 ± 1.83a,b (0–6.27) | 0.18 ± 0.16b (0–1.05) | 0.80 ± 0.74a,b (0–2.16) |
| Phenylacetic acids, pmol/mL | ||||
| Phenylacetic acid isomers | 15.3 ± 22.5 (0–55.9) | 0 | 7.61 ± 11.2 (0–45.6) | 3.76 ± 5.56 (0–15.9) |
| 3-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid isomers | 25.2 ± 22.3 (0–62.5) | 40.2 ± 35.6 (0–78.9) | 14.7 ± 13.1 (0–50.6) | 22.2 ± 19.7 (0–64) |
| 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid | 163 ± 82.3 (59.9–386) | 95.2 ± 48.1 (0–259) | 68.2 ± 34.5 (0–120) | 87.7 ± 44.4 (0–179) |
| Benzoic acid derivatives, pmol/mL | ||||
| Hydroxybenzoic acid isomers | 0 | 0 | 1.17 ± 1.5 (0–7.05) | 5.80 ± 7.3 (0–22.5) |
| Vanillic acid | 3.37 ± 2.1 (0–10.5) | 9.18 ± 5.5 (0–6.8) | 2.61 ± 1.6 (0–6.5) | 7.24 ± 4.3 (0–14.5) |
| Phase II metabolites, pmol/mL | ||||
| Epicatechin-O-sulfate conjugates | 0 | 1.39 ± 1.44 (0–8.3) | 7.30 ± 7.23 (0–34.4) | 7.12 ± 7.06 (0–25) |
| Epicatechin-O-glucuronide conjugates | 0b | 5.09 ± 7.64a,b (0–30.5) | 446 ± 664a (0–1740) | 0b |
| O-methyl-epicatechin-glucuronide conjugates | 4.70 ± 3.34c (0–14.4) | 91.9 ± 63.3b (19.2–148) | 206 ± 141b (0–878) | 1040 ± 718a (0–2000) |
1
Values are means ± SEMs (ranges), n = 6. Labeled means without a common superscript letter differ, P < 0.05.