TABLE 3.
TNF-α and TLR mRNA expression in intestinal tissues of male pigs fed 0–20 g cocoa powder/d for 27 d1
| 0 g/d |
2.5 g/d |
10 g/d |
20 g/d |
|||||
| Gene | ΔCT | Fold of 0 g/d | ΔCT | Fold of 0 g/d | ΔCT | Fold of 0 g/d | ΔCT | Fold of 0 g/d |
| TNF-α | ||||||||
| ILPPs | 12.3 ± 0.4c | 1.0 | 14.0 ± 0.4a | 0.3 | 13.9 ± 0.4a,b | 0.4 | 12.8 ± 0.4b,c | 0.7 |
| Proximal colon | 12.1 ± 0.4 | 1.0 | 12.8 ± 0.4 | 0.6 | 13.0 ± 0.3 | 0.5 | 12.8 ± 0.4 | 0.6 |
| Distal colon | 12.4 ± 0.6 | 1.0 | 13.0 ± 0.6 | 0.6 | 13.4 ± 0.6 | 0.5 | 13.1 ± 1.28 | 0.6 |
| MLNs | 11.0 ± 0.4b | 1.0 | 12.4 ± 0.4a | 0.7 | 11.8 ± 0.3a,b | 4.0 | 12.0 ± 0.3a,b | 1.9 |
| TLR2 | ||||||||
| ILPPs | 12.3 ± 0.6b | 1.0 | 14.3 ± 0.6a | 0.2 | 14.1 ± 0.6a | 0.3 | 13.2 ± 0.6a,b | 0.5 |
| Proximal colon | 10.6 ± 0.5 | 1.0 | 10.5 ± 0.5 | 1.1 | 11.1 ± 0.5 | 0.7 | 10.5 ± 0.5 | 1.1 |
| Distal colon | 10.9 ± 0.7 | 1.0 | 12.1 ± 0.7 | 0.7 | 11.5 ± 0.7 | 0.6 | 11.3 ± 0.7 | 0.9 |
| MLNs | 10.6 ± 0.6b | 1.0 | 12.6 ± 0.6a | 0.2 | 11.1 ± 0.5a,b | 0.7 | 11.7 ± 0.5a,b | 0.4 |
| TLR4 | ||||||||
| ILPPs | 10.1 ± 0.5 | 1.0 | 11.1 ± 0.5 | 0.5 | 10.5 ± 0.5 | 0.8 | 9.7 ± 0.5 | 1.3 |
| Proximal colon | 8.9 ± 0.4b | 1.0 | 9.1 ± 0.4a,b | 0.9 | 10.1 ± 0.4a | 0.4 | 9.3 ± 0.4a,b | 0.8 |
| Distal colon | 8.1 ± 0.6 | 1.0 | 8.1 ± 0.6 | 1.0 | 8.5 ± 0.6 | 0.8 | 8.0 ± 0.6 | 1.0 |
| MLNs | 8.9 ± 0.4 | 1.0 | 10.0 ± 0.4 | 0.5 | 9.2 ± 0.4 | 0.8 | 9.4 ± 0.4 | 0.7 |
| TLR9 | ||||||||
| ILPPs | 12.3 ± 0.5b | 1.0 | 14.6 ± 0.5a | 0.2 | 13.9 ± 0.5a | 0.3 | 14.0 ± 0.5a | 0.3 |
| Proximal colon | 12.6 ± 0.3b | 1.0 | 13.7 ± 0.3a | 0.5 | 13.8 ± 0.3a | 0.4 | 13.3 ± 0.3a,b | 0.6 |
| Distal colon | 12.3 ± 0.4 | 1.0 | 12.9 ± 0.4 | 0.7 | 13.0 ± 0.4 | 0.6 | 12.5 ± 0.4 | 0.9 |
| MLNs | 10.8 ± 0.3c | 1.0 | 12.6 ± 0.3a | 0.3 | 11.6 ± 0.2b | 0.5 | 12.1 ± 0.2a,b | 0.4 |
1
Values for ΔCT are means ± SEMs, n = 6. Labeled means without a common superscript letter differ, P < 0.05. ILPP, ileal Peyer’s patch; MLN, mesenteric lymph node; TLR, Toll-like receptor; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α.