TABLE 2.
Prepregnancy alcohol and alcoholic beverage intake and RRs of spontaneous abortion: Nurses’ Health Study II, 1989–20091
| RR (95% CI) |
||||
| Categories of intake | Cases, n/total pregnancies, n | % | Age- and year-adjusted2 | Multivariable-adjusted3 |
| Alcohol, g/d | ||||
| 0 | 1513/10,021 | 15.1 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| 0.1–1.9 | 1107/7116 | 15.6 | 1.05 (0.98, 1.13) | 1.04 (0.97, 1.12) |
| 2–4.9 | 769/4673 | 16.5 | 1.04 (0.97, 1.13) | 1.02 (0.94, 1.11) |
| 5–9.9 | 537/3354 | 16.0 | 1.03 (0.95, 1.13) | 1.01 (0.92, 1.10) |
| ≥10 | 400/2416 | 16.6 | 1.02 (0.92, 1.12) | 0.98 (0.88, 1.09) |
| P-trend | 0.87 | 0.45 | ||
| Beer, servings | ||||
| <1/mo | 2779/17,566 | 15.8 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| 1–3/mo | 569/3738 | 15.2 | 0.97 (0.90, 1.06) | 0.95 (0.87, 1.03) |
| 1/wk | 424/2651 | 16.0 | 1.01 (0.92, 1.11) | 0.96 (0.87, 1.05) |
| ≥2/wk | 554/3625 | 15.3 | 0.98 (0.91, 1.07) | 0.91 (0.83, 0.99) |
| P-trend | 0.74 | 0.04 | ||
| Wine, servings | ||||
| <1/mo | 2251/14,947 | 15.1 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| 1–3/mo | 931/5939 | 15.7 | 1.08 (1.01, 1.16) | 1.08 (1.00, 1.16) |
| 1/wk | 509/3208 | 15.9 | 1.02 (0.93, 1.11) | 1.00 (0.91, 1.10) |
| ≥2/wk | 539/3486 | 18.2 | 1.10 (1.01, 1.19) | 1.08 (0.99, 1.18) |
| P-trend | 0.03 | 0.13 | ||
| Liquor, servings | ||||
| <1/mo | 3400/21,831 | 15.6 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| 1–3/mo | 624/3992 | 15.6 | 1.05 (0.98, 1.14) | 1.04 (0.96, 1.12) |
| ≥1/wk | 302/1757 | 17.2 | 1.11 (1.00, 1.24) | 1.09 (0.98, 1.22) |
| P-trend | 0.03 | 0.12 | ||
Analyses conducted with the use of a log-binomial generalized linear model with an exchangeable working correlation structure to compute RR estimates. Tests for linear trend were conducted by using the median values in each category as a continuous variable. MET-h, metabolic equivalent task hours; ref, reference.
Continuous variables.
Age- and year-adjusted model further adjusted for BMI (in kg/m2; <18.5, 18.5–24.9, 25–29.9, ≥30, or missing), smoking status (never, former, current, or missing), physical activity (in MET-h/wk; <3, 3–8.9, 9–17.9, 18–26.9, 27–41.9, >42, or missing), history of infertility (no, yes, or missing), marital status (married or not married), race (white or other), caffeine intake (quintiles), and multivitamin use (yes, no, or missing). All beverages were adjusted for one another.