TABLE 3.
Prepregnancy alcohol and alcoholic beverage intake and RRs of spontaneous abortion and stillbirth stratified by gestational length: Nurses’ Health Study II, 1989–20091
| Pregnancy loss <8 wk |
Pregnancy loss 8–11 wk |
Pregnancy loss 12–19 wk |
Pregnancy loss ≥20 wk |
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| Categories of intake | Cases, n/total, n | Adjusted RR (95% CI)2 | Cases, n/total, n | Adjusted RR (95% CI)2 | Cases, n/total, n | Adjusted RR (95% CI)2 | Cases, n/total, n | Adjusted RR (95% CI)2 |
| Alcohol, g/d | ||||||||
| 0 | 558/10,021 | 1.00 (ref) | 609/9262 | 1.00 (ref) | 346/8549 | 1.00 (ref) | 68/8162 | 1.00 (ref) |
| 0.1–1.9 | 393/7116 | 1.02 (0.90, 1.16) | 458/6521 | 1.08 (0.96, 1.22) | 256/5961 | 1.07 (0.91, 1.25) | 53/5676 | 1.11 (0.77, 1.59) |
| 2–4.9 | 259/4673 | 0.95 (0.82, 1.10) | 328/4279 | 1.06 (0.93, 1.21) | 182/3892 | 1.07 (0.89, 1.28) | 35/3681 | 1.08 (0.71, 1.64) |
| 5–9.9 | 188/3354 | 0.98 (0.83, 1.16) | 221/3058 | 1.00 (0.86, 1.17) | 128/2778 | 1.06 (0.86, 1.30) | 24/2634 | 0.99 (0.61, 1.61) |
| ≥10 | 163/2416 | 1.09 (0.92, 1.30) | 167/2130 | 1.02 (0.86, 1.22) | 70/1900 | 0.81 (0.62, 1.05) | 25/1818 | 1.36 (0.84, 2.19) |
| P-trend | 0.48 | 0.84 | 0.14 | 0.34 | ||||
| Beer, servings | ||||||||
| <1/mo | 1002/17,566 | 1.00 (ref) | 1122/16,114 | 1.00 (ref) | 655/14,776 | 1.00 (ref) | 121/14,042 | 1.00 (ref) |
| 1–3/mo | 213/3738 | 0.98 (0.85, 1.13) | 236/3411 | 0.98 (0.85, 1.12) | 120/3120 | 0.86 (0.70, 1.04) | 26/2979 | 1.05 (0.68, 1.62) |
| 1/wk | 133/2651 | 0.83 (0.70, 1.00) | 193/2450 | 1.06 (0.91, 1.24) | 98/2213 | 0.91 (0.74, 1.14) | 28/2103 | 1.61 (1.05, 2.49) |
| ≥2/wk | 213/3625 | 0.96 (0.82, 1.12) | 232/3275 | 0.95 (0.82, 1.10) | 109/2971 | 0.76 (0.61, 0.94) | 30/2847 | 1.25 (0.81, 1.94) |
| P-trend | 0.51 | 0.52 | 0.01 | 0.27 | ||||
| Wine, servings | ||||||||
| <1/mo | 797/14,947 | 1.00 (ref) | 927/13,776 | 1.00 (ref) | 527/12,670 | 1.00 (ref) | 112/12,069 | 1.00 (ref) |
| 1–3/mo | 338/5939 | 1.11 (0.98, 1.26) | 385/5427 | 1.09 (0.97, 1.22) | 208/4964 | 1.07 (0.91, 1.26) | 47/4740 | 1.04 (0.73, 1.48) |
| 1/wk | 179/3208 | 1.00 (0.85, 1.18) | 215/2935 | 1.01 (0.87, 1.17) | 115/2667 | 1.01 (0.82, 1.25) | 19/2534 | 0.68 (0.41, 1.14) |
| ≥2/wk | 247/3486 | 1.18 (1.01, 1.38) | 256/3112 | 1.04 (0.89, 1.20) | 132/2779 | 1.05 (0.86, 1.29) | 27/2628 | 0.85 (0.53, 1.35) |
| P-trend | 0.05 | 0.75 | 0.68 | 0.43 | ||||
| Liquor, servings | ||||||||
| <1/mo | 1224/21,831 | 1.00 (ref) | 1414/20,072 | 1.00 (ref) | 762/18,381 | 1.00 (ref) | 154/17,523 | 1.00 (ref) |
| 1–3/mo | 215/3992 | 0.97 (0.84, 1.12) | 246/3641 | 0.99 (0.87, 1.14) | 163/3326 | 1.29 (1.09, 1.53) | 38/3139 | 1.38 (0.96, 2.00) |
| ≥1/wk | 122/1757 | 1.17 (0.97, 1.41) | 123/1537 | 1.11 (0.92, 1.33) | 57/1373 | 1.07 (0.82, 1.41) | 13/1309 | 1.03 (0.57, 1.86) |
| P-trend | 0.11 | 0.29 | 0.46 | 0.83 | ||||
Analyses conducted with the use of a log-binomial generalized linear model with an exchangeable working correlation structure to compute RR estimates. Tests for linear trends were conducted by using the median values in each category as a continuous variable. The reference group for fetal losses at <8 wk was all pregnancies, the reference group for fetal losses at 8–11 wk was all pregnancies lasting beyond 8 wk, the reference group for fetal losses at 12–19 wk was all pregnancies lasting beyond 12 wk, and the reference group for fetal losses at ≥20 wk was all pregnancies lasting beyond 20 wk. MET-h, metabolic equivalent task hours; ref, reference.
Adjusted for age (continuous), energy intake (continuous), BMI (in kg/m2; <18.5, 18.5–24.9, 25–29.9, ≥30, or missing), smoking status (never, former, current, or missing), physical activity (in MET-h/wk; <3, 3–8.9, 9–17.9, 18–26.9, 27–41.9, > 42, or missing), year of pregnancy (continuous), history of infertility (no, yes, or missing), marital status (married or not married), race (white or other), multivitamin use (yes, no, or missing), and caffeine intake (quintiles). All beverages were adjusted for one another.