. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Jan 15.

Published in final edited form as: Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2015 Dec 4;96:83–102. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.11.020

Table 5.

Myocardial stiffness

	Stiffness Modulus (kPa)	Ref.
Human LV	ES = 18.3 ± 4.1, ED = 15.0 ± 3.2 (assuming E = 3μ) ED: 24.9 ±2.2	[130] [131]
Pig LV	ES = 28.0 ± 5.7, ED = 18.1 ± 5.6 (assuming E = 3μ)	[103]
Human ventricular muscle strips	PO, VO: 137.2, 51.4 (extension = 0.05) PO, VO: 85.5, 18.8 (extension = 0.2)	[106]
Human ventricular muscle, filament-extracted strips	PO, VO: 28.1, 10.7 (extension = 0.05) PO, VO: 97.8, 43.6 (extension = 0.2)	[106]
Adult human CM obtained from endocardial ventricular biopsies	PO, Normal, VO: 154.6, 59.1, 20.7 (extension = 0.05) PO, Normal, VO: 90.3, 47.8, 46.8 (extension = 0.2)	[106]

Abbreviations: CM, cardiomyocyte; E, elastic modulus; ED, end-diastolic; ES, end-systolic; LV, left ventricle; PO, pressure overload; VO, volume overload; μ, shear modulus.