TABLE 3.
Multivariate associations between dietary B vitamins and progression to GA: AREDS cohort (n = 4663 eyes)1
| Quintiles of B vitamins, HR (95% CI) |
||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | P-trend | |
| Thiamin | Reference | 0.81 (0.60, 1.09) | 0.85 (0.62, 1.16) | 0.70 (0.51, 0.97) | 0.74 (0.55, 0.99) | 0.05 |
| Riboflavin | Reference | 0.82 (0.61, 1.12) | 1.03 (0.76, 1.39) | 0.75 (0.54, 1.03) | 0.83 (0.61, 1.12) | 0.20 |
| Niacin | Reference | 0.77 (0.57, 1.04) | 0.74 (0.53, 1.03) | 0.70 (0.51, 0.95) | 0.78 (0.57, 1.06) | 0.18 |
| Vitamin B-6 | Reference | 0.98 (0.72, 1.35) | 0.92 (0.66, 1.28) | 0.94 (0.68, 1.30) | 0.87 (0.63, 1.19) | 0.36 |
| Folate | Reference | 0.94 (0.71, 1.25) | 0.75 (0.55, 1.02) | 0.66 (0.46, 0.93) | 0.70 (0.52, 0.95) | 0.007 |
| Vitamin B-12 | Reference | 0.84 (0.61, 1.16) | 0.88 (0.65, 1.20) | 0.93 (0.69, 1.25) | 0.77 (0.56, 1.06) | 0.19 |
P-trend was calculated by using median values within each quintile. Cox proportional hazards models were adjusted for age, sex, education, smoking, BMI, AREDS treatment, multivitamin supplement use, age-related macular degeneration grade at baseline for both eyes, total energy intake, and 10 genetic variants [CFH: rs1061170 (Y402H), CFH: rs1410996, CFH: rs121913059 (R1210C), ARMS2/HTRA1: rs10490924, C2: rs9332739 (E318D), CFB: rs641153 (R32Q), C3: rs2230199 (R102G), C3: rs147859257 (K155Q), COL8A1: rs13095226, and RAD51B: rs8017304]. Each vitamin was analyzed in a separate model. For eyes that progressed to GA, n = 528; eyes at risk, n = 4663. AREDS, Age-Related Eye Disease Study; ARMS2, age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2; CFB, complement factor B; CFH, complement factor H; COL8A1, collagen type VIII α 1; C2, complement component 2; C3, complement component 3; GA, geographic atrophy; HTRA1, high-temperature requirement A serine peptidase 1; RAD51B, RAD51 paralog B.