Table 3.

Methods for reducing radiation during CTO interventions.

Pre-procedure	Intra-procedure	Post-procedure
Patient selection and risk assessment	Dosimeters	Dose documentation
Consent	Protection clothing	Follow up
Review films	Shielding
CTCA	ALARA principle
Radiation safety program	Alert operator when radiation exceeds limits
Compulsory training on radiation safety and management	Table position at higher level
	Lower magnification
	Lower frame rates
	Changing beam angulation
	Collimation
	Procedure techniques

CTO: chronic total occlusion, CTCA: computed tomography coronary angiography, ALARA: As Low As Reasonably Achievable