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. 2016 Mar 21;12:85–103. doi: 10.2147/VHRM.S74703

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© 2016 Maeder et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited

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Illustration of the possible interplay between classical cardiovascular risk factors and cardiac diseases, and the role of OSA.

Notes: The black arrows indicate the effects by OSA on risk factors/cardiac diseases. The gray arrows indicate the coexisting effects between risk factors/cardiac diseases, which together with the OSA-related effects may eventually lead to heart failure.

Abbreviations: AF, atrial fibrillation; CAD, coronary artery disease; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; OSA, obstructive sleep apnea.