Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of HIV-Infected Individuals Initiating ART, By Sex and HCV Status, Kaiser Permanente California, 1996–2011
| Women | Men | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | HIV mono-infected | HIV/HCV co-infected | p | HIV mono-infected | HIV/HCV co-infected | p |
| N | 1088 | 154 | 10,623 | 1000 | ||
| Year of ART initiation, % | 0.32 | <0.001 | ||||
| 1996–2000 | 25 | 31 | 24 | 31 | ||
| 2001–2005 | 32 | 31 | 29 | 32 | ||
| 2006–2011 | 43 | 38 | 47 | 37 | ||
| Kaiser Permanente region, % | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Northern California | 60 | 74 | 58 | 67 | ||
| Southern California | 40 | 26 | 42 | 33 | ||
| Mean age at baseline, years (SD) | 39 (10) | 45 (9) | <0.001 | 42 (10) | 45 (9) | <0.001 |
| Race/ethnicity, % | 0.08 | 0.002 | ||||
| White | 34 | 43 | 57 | 58 | ||
| Black/African American | 40 | 39 | 14 | 17 | ||
| Hispanic | 19 | 12 | 22 | 18 | ||
| Other/unknown | 8 | 6 | 8 | 7 | ||
| Ever smoked, % | 41 | 72 | <0.001 | 49 | 62 | <0.001 |
| Ever alcohol abuse, % | 8 | 16 | 0.003 | 11 | 22 | <0.001 |
| Ever drug abuse, % | 13 | 34 | <0.001 | 16 | 32 | <0.001 |
| HIV-transmission risk factor | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Men who have sex with men | 0 | 0 | 74 | 54 | ||
| Heterosexual transmission | 79 | 44 | 9 | 5 | ||
| Injection drug use | 4 | 40 | 4 | 25 | ||
| Other/unknown | 16 | 16 | 13 | 16 | ||
| Median years of known HIV infection (IQR) | 2 (0–6) | 5 (0–11) | 0.001 | 2 (0–8) | 4 (0–11) | <0.001 |
| Prior antiretroviral therapy use, % | 42 | 48 | 0.16 | 44 | 52 | <0.001 |
| Mean CD4 cells/μL (SD) | 341 (255) | 392 (273) | 0.020 | 362 (260) | 354 (256) | 0.34 |
| Mean HIV RNA log copies/mL (SD) | 8.7 (2.9) | 8.1 (3.1) | 0.037 | 8.7 (3.2) | 8.5 (3.1) | 0.06 |
ART, antiretroviral therapy; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; SD, standard deviation.