Table 4.
Ordinal logistic regression of general health on the subjective well-being measures and socio-demographic variables
| Model 1 OR (95 % CI) | Model 2 OR (95 % CI) | Model 3 OR (95 % CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Subjective well-being measures | |||
| Two factors | |||
| Factor 1 | 1.81 (1.70, 1.93)*** | ||
| Factor 2 | 1.27 (1.20, 1.34)*** | ||
| Individual measures | |||
| Happiness | 1.18 (1.12, 1.24)*** | ||
| Meaningfulness | 1.06 (1.01, 1.10)** | ||
| No pain | 1.42 (1.36, 1.49)*** | ||
| No sadness | 0.95 (0.90, 1.01) | ||
| No stress | 1.06 (1.01, 1.11)* | ||
| No fatigue | 1.12 (1.07, 1.16)*** | ||
| One factor | |||
| Factor 1 | 1.89 (1.78, 2.01)*** | ||
| Socio-demographic variables | |||
| Age | 0.98 (0.98, 0.99)*** | 0.98 (0.98, 0.99)*** | 0.98 (0.98, 0.99)*** |
| Education in years | 1.12 (1.10, 1.14)*** | 1.12 (1.09, 1.14)*** | 1.12 (1.10, 1.14)*** |
| Family income (ref.: lowest quintile) | |||
| Second quintile | 1.05 (0.87, 1.27) | 1.05 (0.87, 1.27) | 1.05 (0.87, 1.27) |
| Third quintile | 1.20 (0.98, 1.48) | 1.23 (1.00, 1.51)* | 1.21 (0.98, 1.48) |
| Fourth quintile | 1.40 (1.14, 1.71)** | 1.42 (1.16, 1.73)*** | 1.40 (1.14, 1.71)** |
| Highest quintile | 1.66 (1.32, 2.08)*** | 1.64 (1.31, 2.06)*** | 1.67 (1.33, 2.08)*** |
| Employment status (ref.: nonworking) | |||
| Working | 1.54 (1.35, 1.76)*** | 1.51 (1.33, 1.72)*** | 1.54 (1.35, 1.76)*** |
| Race/ethnicity (ref.: White) | |||
| Black | 0.73 (0.62, 0.86)*** | 0.72 (0.61, 0.85)*** | 0.73 (0.62, 0.86)*** |
| Asian | 0.73 (0.56, 0.96)* | 0.69 (0.52, 0.90)** | 0.73 (0.56, 0.96)* |
| Hispanic | 0.66 (0.56, 0.77)*** | 0.61 (0.52, 0.72)*** | 0.65 (0.55, 0.77)*** |
| Other | 0.82 (0.51, 1.31) | 0.80 (0.50, 1.30) | 0.82 (0.51, 1.31) |
| Gender (ref.: female) | |||
| Male | 0.87 (0.78, 0.97)** | 0.88 (0.79, 0.98)* | 0.87 (0.78, 0.97)* |
| Children < age 18 in the household (ref.: No) | |||
| Yes | 0.93 (0.82, 1.05) | 0.92 (0.81, 1.04) | 0.93 (0.82, 1.05) |
| Marital status (ref.: Unmarried) | |||
| Married | 1.13 (0.99, 1.29) | 1.15 (1.01, 1.31)* | 1.13 (0.99, 1.29) |
| Sleep time (divided by 10 min) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) | 1.01 (1.00, 1.01) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) |
| Any physical/cognitive difficulty (ref.: yes) | |||
| No | 3.41 (2.67, 4.34)*** | 2.78 (2.18, 3.55)*** | 3.42 (2.67, 4.36)*** |
| T1 | –4.03*** | –7.03*** | –4.04*** |
| T2 | –2.26*** | –5.22*** | –2.26*** |
| T3 | –0.53 | –3.44*** | –0.53* |
| T4 | 1.47*** | –1.39*** | –1.46*** |
| Wald Chi square | 1201.16*** | 1432.08*** | 1201.73*** |
| df | 18 | 22 | 17 |
| N | 8,791 | 8,791 | 8,791 |
This model predicts the probability of being in a lower category (better health) rather than a higher category (worse health)
Source: The 2010 well-being module of the American Time Use Survey data, own calculation
CI: confidence interval; Factor 1 in Model 1: Factor scores obtained from no pain, no sadness, no stress, and no fatigue; Factor 2 in Model 1: Factor scores obtained from happiness and meaningfulness; Factor 1 in Model 3: Factor scores obtained from happiness, meaningfulness, no pain, no sadness, no stress, and no fatigue
*
p < .05
**
p < .01
***
p < .001