Table 2.
Characteristics of participating children by refractive error group
| Characteristics | Emmetropic N=248 |
Hyperopic (3 to
6D) N=244 |
p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | |||
| Age at TOPEL administration, months, n (%) | |||
| 48 – 53 | 51 (20.6) | 65 (26.6) | |
| 54 – 59 | 87 (35.1) | 81 (33.2) | |
| 60 – 65 | 78 (31.5) | 70 (28.7) | |
| 66 – <72 | 32 (12.9) | 28 (11.5) | |
| Mean (SD) | 59.2 (5.5) | 58.5 (5.8) | 0.14 |
| Sex, n (%) | |||
| Male | 128 (51.6) | 114 (46.7) | |
| Female | 120 (48.4) | 130 (53.3) | 0.28 |
| Ethnicity and race, n (%) | |||
| Non-hispanic black | 150 (60.5) | 140 (57.4) | |
| Non-hispanic white | 20 (8.1) | 28 (11.5) | |
| Hispanic | 61 (24.6) | 63 (25.8) | |
| Other or unknown | 17 (6.9) | 13 (5.3) | 0.53 |
| Education level of parent or caregiver, n (%) | |||
| Less than high school | 18 (7.3) | 27 (11.1) | |
| High school | 92 (37.1) | 102 (41.8) | |
| Some college | 55 (22.2) | 39 (16.0) | |
| 2-year college | 21 (8.5) | 22 (9.0) | |
| 4-year college | 23 (9.3) | 23 (9.4) | |
| Graduate degree | 19 (7.7) | 12 (4.9) | |
| Unknown | 20 (8.1) | 19 (7.8) | 0.35 |
| Preschool/Kindergarten, n (%) | |||
| Head Start | 224 (90.3) | 215 (88.1) | |
| Other Preschool/Kindergarten | 24 (9.7) | 29 (11.9) | 0.43 |
| Ocular | |||
| Most hyperopic meridian, more hyperopic eye, diopters, Mean (SD) | 0.51 (0.48) | 3.78 (0.81) | --- |
| Spherical equivalent, more hyperopic eye, diopters, Mean (SD) | 0.37 (0.50) | 3.47 (0.81) | --- |
TOPEL = Test of Preschool Early Literacy; SD = standard deviation