. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Apr 1.

Published in final edited form as: Ophthalmology. 2016 Jan 27;123(4):681–689. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.11.023

Table 5.

Comparison of mean adjusted Test of Preschool Early Literacy (TOPEL) scores by refractive error group and accommodative lag (as measured by Grand Seiko, closest meridian)

Groups	Compared to	Adjusted^# Mean Difference (95% Confidence Interval)
Groups	Compared to	Total	p^*	Print Knowledge	p^*	Definitional Vocabulary	p^*	Phonological Awareness	p^*
Emmetropic (N=248)	Hyperopic, ≤1.35D lag (N=185)	−3.9 (−7.6, −0.2)	0.09	−2.0 (−3.9, −0.2)	0.06	−1.7 (−3.5, 0.2)	0.25	−0.2 (−1.0, 0.6)	0.61
Emmetropic (N=248)	Hyperopic, >1.35D lag (N=59)	−5.7 (− 11.2, −0.2)	0.09	−3.4 (−6.2, −0.6)	0.0504	−1.5 (−4.4, 1.3)	0.58	−0.7 (−2.0, 0.5)	0.61
Hyperopic, ≤1.35D lag (N=185)	Hyperopic, >1.35D lag (N=59)	−1.8 (−7.5, 3.9)	0.54	−1.4 (−4.3, 1.5)	0.35	0.1 (−2.8, 3.1)	0.93	−0.5 (−1.8, 0.8)	0.61

D = diopters

Adjusted for age at testing in months, race and ethnicity, and education level of parent or caregiver.

p-values adjusted by the Hochberg procedure.