. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Apr 1.

Published in final edited form as: Ophthalmology. 2016 Jan 27;123(4):681–689. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.11.023

Table 7.

Comparison of mean Test of Preschool Early Literacy (TOPEL) scores by refractive error group and near stereoacuity

Groups	Compared to	Adjusted^# Mean Difference (95% Confidence Interval)
Groups	Compared to	Total	p^*	Print Knowledge	p^*	Definitional Vocabulary	p^*	Phonological Awareness	p^*
Emmetropic (N=248)	Hyperopic, 120 arcsec or better (N=145)	−1.5 (−5.4, 2.3)	0.44	−0.4 (−2.4, 1.5)	0.66	−1.2 (−3.2, 0.8)	0.44	0.1 (−0.8, 1.0)	0.78
Emmetropic (N=248)	Hyperopic, 240 arcsec or worse (N=98)	−8.5 (−13.0, −4.1)	<0.001	−5.3 (−7.5, −3.0)	<0.001	−2.2 (−4.5, 0.1)	0.18	−1.0 (−2.0, −0.0)	0.09
Hyperopic, 120 arcsec or better (N=145)	Hyperopic, 240 arcsec or worse (N=98)	−7.0 (− 11.8, −2.1)	0.01	−4.8 (−7.3, −2.4)	<0.001	−1.0 (−3.5, 1.5)	0.44	−1.2 (−2.2, −0.1)	0.09

arcsec = seconds of arc

Adjusted for age at testing in months, race and ethnicity, and education level of parent or caregiver.

p-values adjusted by the Hochberg procedure.