Table 2.
Differences in potential risk factors between IPH+ and IPH− plaques
| IPH+ (n=38) | IPH− (n=138) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Potential risk factors
| |||
| Male sex | 33 (86.8) | 90 (65.2) | 0.008 |
| Age, years | 72 ± 8 | 71 ± 8 | 0.22 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 27 ± 7 | 28 ± 6 | 0.64 |
| Smoker | 25 (65.8) | 87 (63.0) | 0.76 |
| Hypertension | 32 (84.2) | 101 (73.2) | 0.21 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 34 (89.5) | 121 (87.7) | 0.79 |
| Diabetes | 5 (13.2) | 12 (8.7) | 0.20 |
| Blood pressure* | |||
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 141 ± 18 | 141 ± 18 | 0.88 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 75 ± 7 | 81 ± 10 | 0.001 |
| Pulse pressure, mmHg | 66 ± 16 | 61 ± 15 | 0.12 |
| Heart rate,* bpm | 63 ± 10 | 65 ± 12 | 0.16 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dl | 146 ± 38 | 166 ± 37 | 0.048 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dl | 48 ± 12 | 50 ± 12 | 0.55 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 79 ± 12 | 81 ± 11 | 0.61 |
| Antiplatelet use | 0.007† | ||
| None | 3 (7.9) | 31 (22.5) | |
| Aspirin alone | 28 (73.7) | 96 (69.6) | |
| Clopidogrel or dual therapy | 7 (18.4) | 11 (8.0) | |
|
| |||
| Potential confounding factors
| |||
| Plaque size | |||
| Plaque length, mm | 19.4 ± 8.5 | 11.1 ± 8.1 | <0.001 |
| Mean wall thickness, mm | 1.7 ± 0.0 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 0.001 |
| Antihypertensive use | 0.15† | ||
| None | 4 (10.5) | 33 (23.9) | |
| Monotherapy | 11 (28.9) | 35 (25.3) | |
| Combination therapy | 23 (60.5) | 70 (50.7) | |
| Statin use | 34 (89.5) | 109 (79.0) | 0.22 |
| Systemic atherosclerosis | |||
| Clinically established ASCVD in other vascular beds | 24 (63.2) | 68 (49.3) | 0.048 |
| Ankle-brachial index<0.90 | 6 (15.8) | 14 (10.1) | 0.37 |
| Extent of atherosclerosis on MRI, % | 40.3 ± 14.7 | 33.6 ± 15.5 | 0.013 |
ASCVD indicates atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.
*
Two plaques were excluded due to missing values for blood pressure and heart rate.
†
Trend test.