Table 3.

Associations between risk factors and IPH after adjusting for age, sex, and plaque size (n=176)

Risk factors	Model 1: adjusted for age and sex		Model 2: model 1 + mean wall thickness		Model 3: model 2 + plaque length
	OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value
Male sex	3.5 (1.4–9.2)	0.010	2.3 (0.86–6.3)	0.10	2.5 (0.84–7.4)	0.10
Age, per 5-year ↑	1.2 (0.93–1.4)	0.19	1.1 (0.84–1.3)	0.66	1.1 (0.82–1.4)	0.69
Body mass index, per 1-SD ↑	0.93 (0.65–1.3)	0.69	0.95 (0.67–1.3)	0.76	1.0 (0.71–1.5)	0.89
Smoker	0.90 (0.40–2.0)	0.79	0.67 (0.28–1.6)	0.37	0.48 (0.18–1.3)	0.15
Hypertension	1.8 (0.62–5.0)	0.29	1.8 (0.60–5.4)	0.30	1.7 (0.51–5.9)	0.38
Hyperlipidemia	1.0 (0.27–3.8)	>0.99	0.68 (0.19–2.5)	0.57	0.43 (0.12–1.5)	0.19
Diabetes	1.8 (0.74–4.4)	0.19	2.1 (0.74–6.2)	0.16	2.0 (0.67–6.1)	0.21
Blood pressure,* per 10 mmHg ↑
Systolic blood pressure	0.95 (0.74–1.2)	0.66	0.95 (0.74–1.2)	0.68	0.93 (0.69–1.3)	0.63
Diastolic blood pressure	0.49 (0.33–0.72)	<0.001	0.52 (0.33–0.81)	0.004	0.51 (0.30–0.88)	0.016
Pulse pressure	1.3 (0.97–1.8)	0.073	1.3 (0.91–1.7)	0.16	1.2 (0.8–1.7)	0.30
Heart rate,* per 1-SD ↑	0.82 (0.60–1.1)	0.19	0.80 (0.58–1.1)	0.19	0.91 (0.61–1.4)	0.63
Total cholesterol, per 1-SD ↑	0.65 (0.33–1.3)	0.21	0.69 (0.34–1.4)	0.30	0.68 (0.33–1.4)	0.28
HDL cholesterol, per 1-SD ↑	1.0 (0.68–1.5)	0.93	0.99 (0.65–1.5)	0.98	1.2 (0.73–1.9)	0.50
eGFR, per 1-SD ↑	0.95 (0.59–1.5)	0.84	0.87 (0.53–1.4)	0.60	0.97 (0.53–1.7)	0.91
Antiplatelet use		0.018†		0.025†		0.070†
None	reference		reference		reference
Aspirin alone	2.4 (0.75–7.9)		2.6 (0.66–10.2)		3.1 (0.72–13.2)
Clopidogrel or dual therapy	5.8 (1.3–24.6)		6.5 (1.3–33.2)		5.2 (0.87–31.6)

Associations between potential risk factors and IPH were progressively adjusted for age, sex, and plaque size. CI indicates confidence interval; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; OR, odds ratio; SD, standard deviation.

^*Two plaques were excluded due to missing values in blood pressure and heart rate.

^†Trend test.