Table 3.
Baseline lower extremity biomechanical measurements for the study population stratified by treatment response (n=69).
| Favorable Response (n=39) | Unfavorable Response (n=30) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hip and Gait Measurements | |||
| Angle of gait | 14.6 (5.3) | 12.9 (5.5) | .189 |
| Base of gait (cm) | 7.3 (4.4) | 6.5 (3.4) | .416 |
| Limb length diff. (cm) -- ASIS | 1.5 (13.1) | 0.0 (1.8) | .532 |
| Limb length diff. (cm) -- umb. | 2.1 (14.2) | .3 (1.7) | .503 |
| Hip internal rotation (hip ext) | 16.6 (4.9) | 19.8 (4.8) | .008* |
| Hip internal rotation (hip flex) | 22.5 (5.3) | 24.5 (4.9) | .129 |
| Hip external rotation (hip ext) | 18.6 (5.6) | 18.1 (4.1) | .661 |
| Hip external rotation (hip flex) | 20.4 (5.0) | 19.4 (4.2) | .419 |
| Hip neutral position (hip ext) | −1.0 (3.2) | .87 (3.1) | .016* |
| Hip neutral position (hip flex) | 1.1 (3.5) | 2.5 (3.0) | .078 |
| Hip abduction | 32.6 (3.9) | 32.3 (3.6) | .725 |
| Hip adduction | 21.9 (3.6) | 21.8 (4.5) | .942 |
| Hip flexion (knee ext) | 42.1 (7.9) | 39.7 (8.7) | .245 |
| Hip flexion (knee flex) | 80.0 (12.4) | 81.4 (11.5) | .635 |
| Hip extension (knee ext) | 17.7 (2.9) | 17.8 (4.6) | .909 |
| Hip extension (knee flex) | 18.9 (3.4) | 18.5 (5.2) | .727 |
| Ankle and Subtalar Joint | |||
| Malleolar position | 13.7 (2.7) | 13.9 (3.0) | .735 |
| Tibial influence | 1.1 (3.0) | .9 (3.1) | .802 |
| Ankle dorsiflexion (knee flex) | 2.6 (5.2) | 4.1 (5.2) | .242 |
| Ankle dorsiflexion (knee ext) | −7.6 (4.9) | −5.7 (5.1) | .121 |
| Subtalar joint supination | 14.5 (4.9) | 14.3 (4.1) | .885 |
| Subtalar joint pronation | 3.1 (2.7) | 4.3 (2.3) | .069 |
| Subtalar joint neutral pos. | 2.8 (2.0) | 2.5 (2.0) | .445 |
| Subtalar joint neutral pos. calc. | 2.7 (2.5) | 1.9 (1.7) | .133 |
| Relaxed calcaneal stance pos.** | −0.7 (3.2) | −2.2 (2.3) | .035* |
| Neutral calcaneal stance pos. | 5.2 (2.5) | 4.3 (3.0) | .193 |
| Foot posture index (score) | 4.5 (3.5) | 5.2 (3.0) | .391 |
All values are displayed as mean (sd); all values are reported in degrees unless otherwise specified; all measurements refer to the ipsilateral extremity as the study foot except 'base of gait' and 'limb length difference'
t-test or Wilcoxon’s rank-sum test was used for comparisons of continuous variables
*
statistically significant test result
**
a negative number indicates valgus heel position
ASIS, anterior superior iliac spine; umb., umbilicus; ext., extended; flex., flexed; pos., position; calc., calculated