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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Semin Immunopathol. 2015 Sep 24;38(3):397–406. doi: 10.1007/s00281-015-0529-x

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Synaptic regulation of preautonomic neurons in the hypothalamus and brainstem. A: Autonomic centers known to be regulated by TRPV1 and TRPA1. B: Schematics of TRPV1-dependent synaptic regulation of preautonomic neurons. Activation of TRPV1 leads to glutamate release and insulin has the ability to modulate TRPV1-dependent glutamate release through PI3 kinase/PKC and translocation-dependent mechanisms. PVN: paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus; NTS: nucleus tractus solitarii; DMV: dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus; IR: insulin receptor.