Table 1.
Maternal and Infant Characteristics for the Full Sample and by Maternal Smoking Group
| Full Sample (n=45) Mean (SD)/% | Smokers (n=22) Mean (SD)/% | Controls (n=23) Mean (SD)/% | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal Characteristics | |||
| Maternal age (years) | 25 (5) | 24 (4) | 26 (5) |
| Race/Ethnicity (% Non-Hispanic White) | 48% | 50% | 45% |
| Low SESa | 41% | 59% | 23%* |
| Parity | 1 (2) | 1 (2) | 1 (2) |
| Weight gain (pounds)b | 27 (14) | 30 (15) | 26 (13) |
| Alcohol Use (>1 drink/week) | 2% | 5% | 0% |
| Marijuana Use (>1 joint/week or meconium)c | 2% | 5% | 0% |
| ETS Exposure (hours per week)d | 11 (18) | 21 (22) | 1 (2)*** |
| Caffeine Use (>200 mg/day caffeine)e | 18% | 33% | 4%* |
| Gestational Medical Conditionf | 9% | 14% | 4% |
| Maternal Depressiong | 2% | 5% | 0% |
| Infant Characteristics | |||
| Sex (% male) | 49% | 41% | 57% |
| Delivery Mode (% vaginal delivery) | 80% | 77% | 83% |
| Gestational age at birth (weeks) | 39 (1) | 39 (1) | 40 (1) |
| Small for gestational ageh | 7% | 9% | 4% |
| Apgar score, 5 minutes | 9 (0.3) | 9 (0) | 9 (0.4) |
| Any breast-feedingi | 64% | 45% | 83%* |
| ETS Exposure: saliva cotinine (ng/ml)j | 8 (17) | 15 (24) | 1 (2)*** |
a
Based on a score of 4 or 5 on the Hollingshead Index.
b
Weight gain in pounds between pre-pregnancy and 35±1 weeks.
c
>1 joint per week or meconium positive for marijuana metabolites.
d
Hours of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure per week measured by structured interview.
e
Equivalent of 2 cups of coffee per day.
f
e.g., gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes.
g
Score of 16 or more Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (Hamilton, 1960).
h
Birthweight < 10th percentile for gestational age.
i
Percentage of infants who were breast-fed only or who were breast-fed and bottle fed.
j
ETS exposure measured by infant saliva cotinine (ng/ml).
*
p < .05.
** p < .01.
***
p < .001.