Lipopolysacharide-stimulated production of (a) IL-6, (b) TNF-α, (c) IL-1β, and (d) IL-8 during early (1), mid- (2), and late (3) pregnancy and postpartum among Black and White women. Black women exhibited greater TNF-α production during mid-pregnancy (p = .002) and marginally lower IL-1β production at postpartum (p = .054). No other statistically significant differences were observed. Error bars = ±1 SE.