Table 1.
Mean predicted soil arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) concentrations (standard deviation) for maternal and neighborhood (United States Census 2000 block group) variables and p-values for differences in As and Pb concentration.
| No. mothers (%) |
Soil As (mg/kg) | Soil Pb (mg/kg) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | P-valuea | Mean (SD) | P-valuea | |||
| Study Population | 8,108 (100) | 4.9 (4.2) | NAe | 58.2 (57.2) | NA | |
| Maternal Race | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic black | 5,252 (65) | 5.6 (4.6) | <0.0001 | 64.4 (60.7) | <0.0001 | |
| Non-Hispanic white | 2,856 (35) | 3.5 (2.9) | 46.8 (48.1) | |||
| Maternal education | ||||||
| High school or above | 5,463 (67) | 4.7 (4.2) | <0.0001 | 56.9 (58.0) | 0.003 | |
| Not high school graduate | 2,645 (33) | 5.2 (4.3) | 60.9 (55.4) | |||
| Food stampsb | ||||||
| Food stamps | 4,837 (60) | 5.2 (4.5) | <0.0001 | 58.7 (56.9) | 0.33 | |
| No food stamps | 3,271 (40) | 4.4 (3.7) | 57.4 (57.7) | |||
| NDIc | ||||||
| NDI < 4.8 | 4,046 (50) | 3.5 (3.0) | <0.0001 | 46.5 (51.8) | <0.0001 | |
| NDI ≥ 4.8 | 4,062 (50) | 6.3 (4.7) | 69.8 (59.9) | |||
| Median year home builtd | ||||||
| Pre-1950 | 710 (8.8) | 10 (5.4) | <0.0001 | 128 (59.6) | <0.0001 | |
| 1950 – 1977 | 5,419 (67) | 5.1 (3.8) | 59.1 (54.5) | |||
| Post-1977 | 1,979 (24) | 2.6 (2.7) | 30.6 (38.4) | |||
a
P-values for comparisons of mean As and Pb concentrations between categories via analysis of variance
b
Mother received food stamps during pregnancy
c
NDI: neighborhood deprivation index; standardized composite measure of 10 US Census 2000 block group variables (break in NDI at median)
d
Categories based on median year home built of the US Census 2000 block group in which a mother’s residence at month 6 of pregnancy was located
e
NA: not applicable