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. 2016 Feb 26;8(3):117. doi: 10.3390/nu8030117

Table 1.

Overview of infusion studies in the different sites of the small intestine and the measured effects on food intake and satiety. CHO, delivery of carbohydrates.

Site Nutrient Caloric Load, kcal/min; Total Amount of Calories, kcal; Nutrient Specifications Effect on Satiety, Appetite, Hunger, Fullness, and Desire to Eat Energy Intake, kcal (Mean, SEM) Energy Intake (± %) Reference
Duodenum
Protein 0.5 kcal/min; 30 kcal;
18.1% hydrolyzed whey protein		 No decreased hunger 1191 ± 113 kcal (control 1237 ± 111 kcal) ¤ −2.7% [28]
0.5 kcal/min; 30 kcal;
18.1% hydrolyzed whey protein		 No decreased hunger
No increased fullness		 1153 ± 151 kcal (control 1270 ± 150 kcal) ¤ −9% [29]
1.5 kcal/min; 90 kcal;
18.1% hydrolyzed whey protein		 No decreased hunger 1077 ± 125 kcal (control 1237 ± 111 kcal) ¤ −13% [28]
1.5 kcal/min; 90 kcal;
18.1% hydrolyzed whey protein		 No decreased hunger
No increased fullness		 1118 ± 163 kcal (control 1270 ± 150 kcal) ¤ −12% [29]
3.0 kcal/min; 270 kcal;
18.5% Whey protein isolate		 No decreased hunger 1032 ± 83 kcal (control 1241 ± 80 kcal) * −17% [30]
3.0 kcal/min; 180 kcal;
18.1% hydrolyzed whey protein		 No decreased hunger
No increased fullness		 1031 ± 153 kcal (control 1270 ± 150 kcal) * −19% [29]
3.0 kcal/min; 180 kcal/min;
18.1% hydrolyzed whey protein		 No decreased hunger 912 ± 120 kcal (control 1237 ± 111 kcal) * −26.3% [28]
Amino acid 0.075 kcal/min; 6.75 kcal;
l-tryptophan		 Increased fullness * 1155 ± 109 kcal (control 1215 ± 107 kcal) ¤ −4.9% [31]
0.15 kcal/min; 13.5 kcal;
l-tryptophan		 Increased fullness *
Increased desire to eat *		 996 ± 122 kcal(control 1215 ± 107 kcal) ** −19% [31]
CHO 1 kcal/min; 90 kcal Glucose 5% Decreased hunger
(compared to jejunal infusion) *		 1252 ± 97 kcal (compared to mid-jejunal CHO 1413 ± 62 kcal) ¥ −11% [32]
1 kcal/min; 120 kcal Glucose 25% No objective 1195 ± 61 kcal(control 1062 ± 118 kcal) +12.5% [33]
2 kcal/min; 240 kcal;
Glucose 25%		 No objective 1200 ± 87 kcal(control 1062 ± 118 kcal) +13% [33]
2 kcal/min; 180 kcal;
Glucose 25%		 Suppression desire to eat * No significant decrease food intake Kcal energy intake not mentioned [27]
2 kcal/min; 180 kcal;
Fructose 25%		 No suppression desire to eat Significant decrease food intake * Kcal energy intake not mentioned [27]
2.86 kcal/min; 343.2 kcal;
Glucose 25%		 Increased fullness ** 896.9 ± 94.6 kcal (control 960.2 ± 85.5 kcal) ¤ −3.6% [34]
2.86 kcal/min; 343.2 kcal;
Glucose 25%		 Decreased hunger *** 821.0 ± 61.1 kcal (control 964.0 ± 56.1 kcal) ** −15% [26]
2.9 kcal/min; 348 kcal;
Glucose 25%		 Increased fullness * No significant decrease in energy intake compared to fat Kcal energy intake not mentioned [17]
3.2 kcal/min; 288 kcal;
Glucose 20%		 Decreased hunger **
Increased fullness **		 1136.2 kcal (control 1536.4 kcal) ** −26% [25]
3.2 kcal/min; 288 kcal;
Glucose 20%		 Decreased hunger *
Increased fullness *
Increased satiety *		 907 ± 150 kcal (control 1093 ± 152 kcal) * −17% [23]
4 kcal/min; 480 kcal;
Glucose 25%		 No objective 939.9 ± 114.6 kcal
(control 1061.4 ± 11 [33] 7.5 kcal) ***		 −22% [33]
Fat 0.25 kcal/min; 25 kcal;
10% Intralipid		 Decreased hunger* 1282 ± 44 kcal (control 1289 ± 62 kcal) ¤ −0.5% [35]
0.9 kcal/min; 54 kcal;
10% high oleic rapeseed oil in water		 No significant effect on satiety No significant decrease energy intake compared to ileal infusion Kcal energy intake not mentioned [9]
1.33 kcal/min; 66.5 kcal;
10% Intralipid		 No significant difference in appetite scores 1346 ± 109 kcal (control 1346 ± 90 kcal) ¤ 0% [36]
1.33 kcal/min; 199.5 kcal;
10% Intralipid		 No significant difference in appetite scores 1242 ± 84 kcal (control 1346 ± 90 kcal) ¤ −7.7% [36]
1.5 kcal/min; 75 kcal;
10% Intralipid		 Decreased hunger * 1235 ± 71 kcal (control 1289 ± 62 kcal) ¤ −4.2% [35]
2.0 kcal/min; 189 kcal;
20% Intralipid		 No significant effect on satiety 359 ± 51 kcal (control 521 ± 80 kcal) ** −31% [37]
2.86 kcal/min; 343.2 kcal;
10% Intralipid		 Increased fullness *** 742.6 ± 120.9 kcal (control 960.2 ± 85.5 kcal) ¤ −22% [34]
2.86 kcal/min; 343.2 kcal;
10% Intralipid		 No significant difference in appetite scores 775.4 ± 80.3 kcal (control 964.0 ± 56.1 kcal) ** −20% [26]
2.9 kcal/min; 348 kcal;
10% Intralipid		 Decreased hunger **
Increased fullness *		 Significant decrease in food intake compared to duodenal glucose * Kcal energy intake not mentioned [17]
3.0 kcal/min; 270 kcal;
20% Intralipid		 No decrease in hunger 973 ± 103 kcal (control 1241 ± 80 kcal) * −22% [30]
3.0 kcal/min; 270 kcal;
20% Intralipid		 Suppression of desire to eat * 1012.7 ± 107.8 kcal (compared to L2: 1263.5 ± 110.1 kcal and L1: 1303.9 ± 78.8 kcal) * −22% [38]
4 kcal/min; 200 kcal;
10% Intralipid		 Decreased hunger * 1139 ± 65 kcal (control 1289 ± 62 kcal) * −12% [35]
4 kcal/min; 200 kcal;
10% Intralipid		 No significant difference in appetite scores 1358 ± 132 kcal (control 1346 ± 90 kcal) ¤ −1% [36]
4.9 kcal/min; 367.5 kcal;
50% corn oil emulsion		 Increased fullness * 1377 ± 79 kcal (control 2026 ± 194 kcal) * −32% [39]
Fatty acid 0.2 kcal/min; 18 kcal;
Lauric acid (C12)		 No significant difference in appetite scores 1341 ± 130 kcal No significant difference compared to 0.3 or 0.4 kcal/min [40]
0.3 kcal/min; 27 kcal
Lauric acid (C12)		 No significant difference in appetite scores 1312 ± 65 kcal No significant difference compared to 0.2 kcal/min [40]
0.4 kcal/min; 36 kcal;
Lauric acid (C12)		 No significant difference in appetite scores 1077.2 ± 112.3 kcal (1339.9 ± 130.2 kcal) * −20% (compared to 0.2 kcal/min) [40]
0.4 kcal/min; 24 kcal;
Lauric acid (C12)		 No significant difference in appetite scores 1134 ± 80 kcal (control 1265 ± 92 kcal) * −10% [41]
0.4 kcal/min; 24 kcal;
Oleic acid (C18)		 No significant difference in appetite scores 1249 ± 72 kcal (control 1265 ± 92 kcal) ¤ −1% [41]
Jejunum
Protein No data No data No data No data
CHO 1 kcal/min; 90 kcal;
Glucose 5%		 Increased hunger and desire to eat
(compared to duodenal infusion) *		 1413 ± 62 kcal (compared to duodenal infusion 1252 ± 97 kcal) ¥ −11% (compared to duodenal infusion) [32]
Fat 4.9 kcal/min; 367.5 kcal;
50% corn oil emulsion		 Decreased hunger * 1076 ± 202 kcal (control 2157 ± 196 kcal) ** −50% [39]
Ileum
Protein 0.19 kcal/min; 17.1 kcal;
Casein		 No significant difference in appetite scores 528.4 ± 86.1 kcal (control 586.7 ± 70.2 kcal) ¤ −9.9% [42]
0.57 kcal/min; 51.3 kcal;
Casein		 Decreased hunger *** 458.0 ± 78.6 kcal (control 586.7 ± 70.2 kcal) *** −22% [42]
CHO 0.19 kcal/min; 17.1 kcal;
Sucrose		 No significant difference in appetite scores 491.4 ± 77.5 kcal (control 586.7 ± 70.2 kcal) ¤ −21% [42]
0.57 kcal/min; 51.3 kcal;
Sucrose		 No significant difference in appetite scores 399.0 ± 57.0 kcal (control 586.7 ± 70.2 kcal) *** −32% [42]
Fat 0.57 kcal/min; 51.3 kcal;
Safflower oil		 No significant difference in appetite scores 464.3 ± 90.7 kcal (control 586.7 ± 70.2 kcal) *** −21% [42]
0.6 kcal/min; 27 kcal;
Safflower oil 6%		 Increased satiety * No objective No objective [43]
0.6 kcal/min; 54 kcal;
Oil 10%		 Decreased hunger * 422 kcal (control 499 kcal) ** −15% [44]
0.9 kcal/min; 54 kcal;
10% high oleic rapeseed oil in water		 Decreased hunger * No significant decrease energy intake compared to duodenal infusion Kcal energy intake not mentioned [9]
1.8 kcal/min; 60.75 kcal;
Safflower oil 6%		 Increased satiety * No objective No objective [43]
4.9 kcal/min; 367.5 kcal;
50% corn oil emulsion		 Increased fullness * 1377 kcal (control 2026 kcal) * −32% [39]
4.93 kcal/min; 370 kcal;
50% corn oil		 No significant difference in appetite scores 1313 kcal (control 1883 kcal) −30% [8]

* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; ¥ p: 0.05; ¤ p > 0.05.