Table 1.
Basic characteristics and dietary intake of subjects.
| Vegetarians (n = 54) | Omnivores (n = 100) | p Values | |
|---|---|---|---|
| females (n, %) | 38 (70%) | 55 (55%) | 0.09 |
| age (years) | 65.1 ± 11.3 (63.5) 1 | 57.7 ± 10.5 (60.0) | <0.01 |
| duration of diabetes (years) | 12.0 ± 8.8 (9.5) | 9.4 ± 6.1 (8.0) | 0.16 |
| body weight (kg) | 62.0 ± 12.6 (59.8) | 67.6 ± 14.7 (65.5) | 0.05 |
| body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.9 ± 6.2 (25.5) | 26.5 ± 5.7 (25.5) | 0.31 |
| waist circumference (cm) | 88.0 ± 9.9 (89.3) | 88.1 ± 11.7 (86.5) | 0.63 |
| hip circumference (cm) | 95.1 ± 8.0 (94.5) | 97.3 ± 10.3 (96.0) | 0.32 |
| waist to hip ratio | 0.95 ± 0.15 (0.90) | 0.92 ± 0.13 (0.90) | 0.45 |
| physical activity 2 | 34 (63%) | 67 (67%) | 0.23 |
| Metformin therapy (n, %) | 39 (72%) | 89 (89%) | 0.02 |
| Statin therapy (n, %) | 26 (48%) | 71 (71%) | <0.01 |
| Metformin + Statin (n, %) | 21 (39%) | 64 (64%) | <0.01 |
| fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 7.3 ± 0.9 (6.7) | 7.7 ± 2.1 (7.4) | 0.06 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.4 ± 1.2 (7.2) | 7.7 ± 1.3 (7.6) | 0.30 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.4 ± 0.8 (4.3) | 4.6 ± 0.8 (4.6) | 0.07 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.6 ± 1.3 (1.3) | 1.4 ± 1.4 (1.1) | 0.03 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.3 ± 0.6 (2.3) | 2.4 ± 0.6 (2.3) | 0.26 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.3 ± 1.2 (1.2) | 1.4 ± 0.3 (1.4) | 0.01 |
| TC/HDL-C | 3.6 ± 1.1 (3.4) | 3.4 ± 1.0 (3.1) | 0.13 |
| Apo-A1 (g/L) | 1.3 ± 0.3 (1.3) | 1.2 ± 0.3 (1.2) | 0.36 |
| Apo-B (g/L) | 0.8 ± 0.2 (0.8) | 0.8 ± 0.2 (0.8) | 0.77 |
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | 2.1 ± 2.6 (1.1) | 1.5 ± 1.9 (0.8) | 0.01 |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 2.5 ± 1.9 (1.8) | 2.0 ± 1.7 (1.5) | 0.04 |
| Dietary intake | |||
| energy (kcal/day) | 1410.0 ± 355.7 (1380.6) | 1678.1 ± 478.4 (1621.9) | <0.01 |
| protein (g/day) | 45.6 ± 16.7 (43.1) | 64.4 ± 23.2 (60.0) | <0.01 |
| protein (g/kcal) | 1.98 ± 3.25 (1.57) | 1.47 ± 0.17 (1.46) | 0.04 |
| % of total calories | 12.7% ± 3.1% (12.8%) | 15.4% ± 3.5% (14.9%) | <0.01 |
| fat (g/day) | 38.0 ± 16.1 (36.5) | 58.7 ± 26.3 (55.0) | <0.01 |
| fat (g/kcal) | 0.79 ± 1.20 (0.60) | 0.89 ± 0.38 (0.86) | <0.01 |
| % of total calories | 24.0% ± 8.1% (23.1%) | 31.0% ± 10.1% (33.0%) | <0.01 |
| carbohydrate (g/day) | 226.1 ± 68.2 (205.7) | 225.0 ± 74.0 (217.6) | 0.97 |
| carbohydrate (g/kcal) | 4.53 ± 6.26 (3.59) | 3.43 ± 1.21 (3.37) | 0.13 |
| % of total calories | 63.3% ± 9.4% (62.1%) | 53.9% ± 10.5% (52.9%) | <0.01 |
| cholesterol (mg/day) | 50.9 ± 96.0 (1.7) | 208.5 ± 158.0 (155.3) | <0.01 |
| cholesterol (mg/kcal) | 2.57 ± 13.99 (0.02) | 3.19 ± 2.48 (2.42) | <0.01 |
| vitamin B-12 (μg/day) | 0.4 ± 0.6 (0.2) | 5.5 ± 9.3 (2.9) | <0.01 |
| vitamin B-12 (μg/kcal) | 0.02 ± 0.07 (0.003) | 0.08 ± 0.14 (0.049) | <0.01 |
1 mean ± SD (medians); 2 physical activity: individual exercise at least 3 times every week.