Table 3.
Summary risk estimates of the association between dairy product consumption and the risk of NHL and NHL subtypes.
| Exposure | Outcome | Subgroup | No. of Studies | No. of Cases | Pooled RR (95% CI) | I2 (%) | p heterogeneity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total dairy product | |||||||
| Total dairy product | NHL | All studies | 8 | 4207 | 1.20 (1.02, 1.42) | 42.7 | 0.094 |
| Study design | |||||||
| Case-control | 5 | 2176 | 1.41 (1.17, 1.70) | 6.8 | 0.368 | ||
| Cohort | 3 | 2031 | 1.02 (0.88, 1.17) | 0.0 | 0.988 | ||
| Continent | |||||||
| North America | 6 | 3567 | 1.17 (0.98, 1.40) | 46.6 | 0.095 | ||
| Europe | 1 | 597 | 1.50 (1.06, 2.12) | NA | NA | ||
| Asia | 1 | 43 | 0.81 (0.29, 2.25) | NA | NA | ||
| DLBCL | All studies | 3 | 321 | 1.73 (1.22, 2.45) | 0.0 | 0.670 | |
| FL | All studies | 3 | 355 | 1.23 (0.88, 1.72) | 0.0 | 0.569 | |
| SLL/CLL | All studies | 3 | 390 | 1.35 (0.77, 2.39) | 53.8 | 0.115 | |
| Specific type of dairy product | |||||||
| Milk | NHL | All studies | 16 | 7109 | 1.41 (1.08, 1.84) | 88.6 | 0.000 |
| Study design | |||||||
| Case-control | 14 | 5738 | 1.53 (1.13, 2.06) | 87.7 | 0.000 | ||
| Cohort | 2 | 1371 | 0.91 (0.68, 1.22) | 36.8 | 0.209 | ||
| Continent | |||||||
| North America | 7 | 3579 | 1.21 (1.01, 1.46) | 37.8 | 0.140 | ||
| Latin America | 3 | 529 | 1.53 (0.63, 3.70) | 80.5 | 0.006 | ||
| Europe | 4 | 2483 | 1.32 (0.87, 1.98) | 85.0 | 0.000 | ||
| Asia | 2 | 518 | 2.09 (0.26, 16.71) | 97.7 | 0.000 | ||
| Dietary assessment | |||||||
| Validated FFQ | 11 | 6286 | 1.30 (1.02, 1.66) | 85.6 | 0.000 | ||
| FFQ | 5 | 823 | 1.68 (0.67, 4.20) | 87.3 | 0.000 | ||
| DLBCL | All studies | 3 | 352 | 1.49 (1.08, 2.06) | 8.9 | 0.333 | |
| FL | All studies | 3 | 390 | 0.99 (0.47, 2.07) | 81.8 | 0.004 | |
| SLL/CLL | All studies | 3 | 477 | 1.04 (0.69, 1.55) | 44.1 | 0.167 | |
| Cheese | NHL | All studies | 10 | 5519 | 1.14 (0.96, 1.34) | 58.2 | 0.011 |
| Study design | |||||||
| Case-control | 9 | 4252 | 1.14 (0.94, 1.38) | 61.9 | 0.007 | ||
| Cohort | 1 | 1267 | 1.09 (0.85, 1.39) | NA | NA | ||
| Continent | |||||||
| North America | 5 | 2866 | 0.95 (0.70, 1.29) | 75.7 | 0.002 | ||
| Europe | 4 | 2483 | 1.28 (1.09, 1.49) | 2.2 | 0.382 | ||
| Asia | 1 | 170 | 1.38 (0.79, 2.41) | NA | NA | ||
| Dietary assessment | |||||||
| Validated FFQ | 8 | 5204 | 1.24 (1.09, 1.40) | 23.1 | 0.245 | ||
| FFQ | 2 | 315 | 0.64 (0.44, 0.91) | 0.0 | 0.686 | ||
| DLBCL | All studies | 3 | 352 | 0.93 (0.63, 1.37) | 0.0 | 0.905 | |
| FL | All studies | 3 | 390 | 1.04 (0.74, 1.46) | 0.0 | 0.777 | |
| SLL/CLL | All studies | 3 | 477 | 1.28 (0.91, 1.81) | 0.0 | 0.876 | |
| Butter | NHL | All studies | 4 | 1534 | 1.31 (1.04, 1.65) | 36.9 | 0.190 |
| Yogurt | NHL | All studies | 4 | 2372 | 0.78 (0.54, 1.12) | 81.6 | 0.001 |
| DLBCL | All studies | 3 | 352 | 0.90 (0.67, 1.21) | 0.0 | 0.402 | |
| FL | All studies | 3 | 390 | 0.89 (0.63, 1.25) | 33.9 | 0.220 | |
| SLL/CLL | All studies | 3 | 477 | 0.97 (0.76, 1.23) | 0.0 | 0.679 | |
| Ice cream | NHL | All studies | 4 | 1598 | 1.57 (1.11, 2.20) | 72.3 | 0.013 |
Abbreviations: RR, relative risk; CI, confidence interval; FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; NHL, non-Hodgkin lymphoma; DLBCL, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma; FL, follicular lymphoma; SLL/CLL, small lymphocytic lymphoma/chronic lymphocytic leukemia; NA, not available.